F 417 
. B7 C4 
Copy 1 



SILVER 



COPPER 



LEAD 



COBALT 



MANGA- 
NESE 



NICKEL 



IRON 



NITRE 



GUANO 



].i\ Bj 



I 



ashier. 



NATURAL RESOURCES 

OF 

Boone and Marion Counties 

ARKANSAS. 



Climate, Soil, Water, Timber, Medicinal 
Plants, Etc., Etc. — Minerals of Com- 
mercial Importance. — Their 
Occurrence in Quantity 
and Quality. 



OPPORTUNITIES FOR NEW INDUSTRIES AND INVESTMENTS. 



A Hand-Book for the Capitalist, Pros- 
pector and Miner. 



By W. Albert Chapmar., M. L, 

i and Mine Reporter, Member of the Davenport Academ) of 
"Natural Sciences, Member of the American Association 
for the Advancement of Sciences. Corns - 
pondent Arkansas Press. 



COPYRIGHTED BY "THE: AUTHOR- 



TABLE OF CONTENTS: 

A Plea for the Business of Mining. Mineral Deposits of 
Arkansas. Chemistry of the Creative Period. Geology. Ore 
Deposits — Forms of, Character of. Genesis of Silver, Copper, 
Lead, Zinc, Iron, Manganese, Nitre, Guano, Alabaster, Mar- 
bles, Onyx, Polishing Powders — Mode of Occurences, Utiliza- 
tion. Forms of Legal Papers. Tables of Specific -Gravity. 
Geogony of Dykes, Veins, Fissures, Etc. Prospecting, Tools, 
and much other interesting matter of importance to mining 
men. 

PRICB SO CENTS. 



GOLD 



BARYTA 



PEARLS 



ZINC 



ANTI- 
MONY 



ONYX 



KAOLIN 



ALABAS- 
TER 



GYPSUM 



STRON- 
TIA 



A. S. LAYTON, President. J. C Bi., ashier. 

BapldYelluill^ 



Paid Up Capital, $25,000 

SURPLUS, $10,000 



YELLVILLE, ARKANSAS. 



Macbeth Young, 

Attorney and Counsellor 

U. S. Mineral Land # 4 Corporation 
Law a Specialty, 

SPECIAL ATTENTION GIVEN TO PROCURING 
PATENT TO MINERAL LANDS. 

SPECIAL AND PROMPT ATTENTION GIVEN TO THE 

MANAGEMENT OF PROPERTIES BELONGING 

TO NON-RESIDENTS. 

McBee Landing, P. O., 

->■ MARION COUNTY, ARK. 



.THUR N. SAGER, 

ATTORNEY ^COUNSELLOR AT LAW 

YELLVILLE, ARK. 
|^g""Special Attention Given to Mineral Lands and Titles. 

Subscribe for the THF Gives latest mining 

Pioneer Development and industrial news. 

Paper of Northern MOUNTAIN Published at 

Arkansas; $i.ooper rpun YELLVILLE, ARK- 

year. LuHU. fig^-Mining Blanks. 

THE SREER HOTEL, 

S. C. SREER, Proprietor. 

RATES, $1.50 PER DAY. ^== HARRISON, ARK. 

Well patronized by mining men. Samples of Boone and 
Marion county ores may here be seen. 



CT P F TAT 170 Southeast Corier Square, Harrison, Ark. 
. L. uLilNJju, Watchmaker, Jeweler and Optician. 

SPECIAL ATTENTION TO COMPLICATED WORK IN 

WATCHMAKING AND SPECTACLE FITTING. 

Mail orders receive prompt and careful attention. 

HARRISON TIMES, 

J. E. NEWMAN, Proprietor. HARRISON, ARK. 

Established 1876. The oldest paper in North Arkansas. 

Abreast with the times. A reliable source of information concerning either mineral 
or other matters. Terms, $1.00 per year in advance. 



IAT. ESTES. . 



PROSPECTOR, 



_ ISCOVERER OF THE BIO BUFFALO AND BIG SHOALS 
) MINES. 

PROSPECTING FOR ZINC A SPECIALTY. 

Mines and Prospects for Sale. -:- YELLVILLE, ARK. 

IKE EMORY, ~~~ 

Foreman^ MINE SUPERINTENDENT 

Will Direct the Development of Properties or Mining Operations. 

, YELLVILLE, ARKANSAS *a> 



NITRE 



GUANO 



TRIPOLI 



SILVER 



COPPER 



NATURAL RESOURCES 



OF 



LEAD 



COBALT 



MANGA- 
NESE 






NICKEL 



IRON 



Boone and Marion Counties 

ARKANSAS. 



Climate, Soil, Water, Timber, Medicinal 
Plants, Etc., Etc. — Minerals of Com- 
mercial Importance — Their 

Occurrence in Quantity , i/». 



and Quality. 



J 



it)* 

OPPORTUNITIES FOR NEW INDUSTRIES AND INVESTMENTS 



/) 



trff 



A Hand-Book for the Capitalist, Pros- 
pector and Miner. 



— T^ 

By W. Albert Chapman, M. E. 



Assayer and Mine Reporter. Member of the Davenport Academy of 

Natural Sciences, Member of the American Association 

for the Advancement of Sciences. Cones- 

pondent Arkansas Press. 



COPYRIGHTED BY THE: AUTHOR. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS: 

A Plea for the Business of Mining. Mineral Deposits of 
Arkansas. Chemistry of the Creative Period. Geology. Ore 
Deposits — Forms of, Character of. Genesis of Silver, Copper, 
Lead, Zinc, Iron, Manganese, Nitre, Guano, Alabaster, Mar- 
bles, Onyx, Polishing Powders — Mode of Occurences, Utiliza- 
tion. Forms of Legal Papers. Tables of Specific Gravity. 
Geogony of Dykes, Veins, Fissures, Etc. Prospecting, Tools, 
and much other interesting matter of importance to mining 
men. 

PRICE 50 CENTS. 



ZINC 



ANTI- 
MONY 



ONYX 

I* 



KAOLIN 



ALABAS- 
TER 



GYPSUM 



STRON- 
TIA 



GOLD 



B/i,,'YTA 



PEARLS 



State of Arkansas, 
County of Pulaski 



\s,"| 



The Brown Printing Company hereby certifies to the printing 
of 1500 copies of this issue of the pamphlet "Natural Resources 
of Boone and Marion Counties." 

[Signed] BROWN PRINTING CO., 

By C. H. Kennedy, Secretary. 
Little Rock, Ark., June 15, 1894 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Introductory I 

Comments qn ist edition 2 

Climate • 3 

Topography 3 

Soils 3 

Waters 4 

Medicinal plants 4 

Fi rest growths 5 

Products of the soil 5 

Fruits 5 

Building Materials : 

quotations of 6 

Stock raising 6 

Game 6 

Sporting 6 

Fishing 6 

Lands : 

quotations of 6 

vacant United States lands 7 

stone lands ... 7 

mineral lands 7 

Industrial Opportunities : 

enterprises 7 

labor 8 

fuel 8 

cost of living > 8 

market quotations 8 

wealth of Harrison .... 8 

wealth of Boone County 8 

wealth of Yellville 9 

wealth of Marion County io 

schools, churches io 

Plea for the business of mining 1 1 

Economic geology 15 

What gives lands value 15 

Resources of Arkansas 17 



VI INDEX. 

Arkansas Gem Stones : 

list of 21 

State Geological Reports : 

descriptive outline 23 

pantography 23 

White River 25 

Buffalo River 26 

ore barges 26 

ore sacks 26 

Cost of transportation : 

by barge y 27 

by steamer 27 

Cosmogony : 

chemistry of the creative period 27 

chemistry of ore deposits 31 

formation of ore deposits 33 

ore bearing strata 33 

chemical composition of ore bearing strata 34 

Geology : 

geology of region 37 

topography of region 39 

chemical action in ore deposits 40 

character of ore deposits 41 

classes of ore deposits 43 

Types of Kinds : 

Full Moon 44 

Big Buffalo 44 

Morning Star 44 

Leader 44 

Grey Eagle 44 

Crown Point 44 

Cost of mining 45 

Cost of transportation 45 

Lead Ore Deposits : 

Short Mountain 46 

Aluminum : 

genesis, ores, uses, reduction 46 

Asphaltum 5 ' 

Antimony : 

genesis, uses, reduction , ores 5 ' 

Copper : 

genesis, ores, uses, reduction 55 

Cobalt : 

genesis, ores, reduction, uses 5^ 



INDEX. Vll 

Cadmium : 

genesis, ores, reduction, uses 59 

Gold: 

genesis, ores, uses, reduction 60 

Iron : 

genesis, ores, uses, reduction 62 

Lead : 

genesis, ores, uses, reduction 65 

Manganese : 

genesis, ores, uses, reduction 67 

Nickel : 

genesis, ores, uses, reduction 68 

Silver : 

genesis, ores, reduction, uses 70 

Zinc: 

genesis, ores, reduction, uses 72 

Strontia : 

uses 84 

Barium : 

uses 84 

Calcite : 

uses 84 

Lithographic stone 85 

Hydraulic limestone 85 

Tripoli : 

its uses 85 

Silica : 

its uses 86 

Alabaster : 

its uses 86 

Marble : 

its uses 86 

Kaolin : 

its uses 5 ' > 87 

Talc: 

its uses 87 

Quartz : 

its uses 87 

Onyx: 

its uses 87 

Jasper : 

its uses 88 

Flint : 

its uses 88 



Vlll INDEX. 

Nitre Earths : 

manufacture 88 

uses, etc 88 

cost of plant 89 

Pearl Fisheries : 

value 90 

where found 90 

Pyrites of Iron : 

uses 90 

Sulphuric acid 90 

Copperas paints 90 

Guano : 

uses, fertilizer, basis of ammonia, manufacture, value 90 

Mineral paints 90 

Smelting of ores 91 

Ore crushers 91 

Local markets for ores 91 

Railroads contemplated 91 

Railroad points 91 

Progress in metallurgy 92 

Geogony of dykes, veins and fissures 93 

Rocks encountered by miners 99 

Prospecting : 

equipment for 101 

Occurrence of ore deposits 1 02 

Methods of occurrences of ores 102 

Cubic feet removed in excavating 102 

Tools for force of ten men .... 1 03 

Specific gravity of rocks, ores and earths 103 

Legal Forms : 

miner's lien 104 

power of attorney 105 

option 105 

quit-claim deed 1 06 

location notice 1 06 

acknowledgment . 1 07 

escrow agreement ' 07 

proof of labor .1 08 

lease 108 



INTRODUCTORY. 



The pamphlet of the first edition, consisting of about 
thirty-five pages, was the result of a wide-spread demand 
for accurate and reliable information relative to the mineral 
resources of this region ; and of the opportunities for invest- 
ment then available. That this condition was fully and satis- 
factorily met, was evinced by the ready sale of the edition, 
and further demonstrated by the hearty approval of scientific 
and professional men of large practical experience in all per- 
taining to mining, and fully conversant with our resources in 
their then state of development. The continued and increas- 
ing demand for information, recent discoveries, satisfactory 
development, etc., has necessitated the printing of a second edi- 
tion of the pamphlet, to which much additional matter has 
been added, increasing threefold its original size. 

Inquiries from farmers, stockmen, mechanics and others 
seeking homes and business locations, has induced me to in- 
clude matter " which, while not without interest to the mining 
man," is of especial interest to the classes named. Such infor- 
mation is necessarily brief and it is hoped explicit. In its 
compilation, I have been materially aided by those gentlemen 
whose names appear in connection with the material supplied 
by them. Hoping that this little book may prove a factor in 
the speedy development of the wonderful resources of this 
region, and ^the open sesame to prosperity and wealth for you 
and our people, I am, Yours truly, 

Author. 



WHAT WAS SAID OF THE FIRST EDITION. 

Geological Survey of Arkansas, 

John C. Branner, State Geologist. 

Little Rock, Ark., Oct. 10, 1889. 
Prof. W. Albert Chapman : 

My Dear Sir — I beg to acknowledge and thank you for a 
copy of your very interesting and valuable little publication, 
" The Natural Resources of Boone and Marion Counties." 
You are doing a good work for the northern part of the State 
and I hope that the people will appreciate your efforts. 

Very truly yours, 

J. C. Branner. 

We have before us a pamphlet on " The Natural Resources 
of Boone and Marion Counties," by Prof. W. Albert Chap- 
man, M. E., assayer and reporter of mines. It is valuable and 
remarkable as being the first scientific description of the re- 
sources of this region that has been written for popular use. 
Prof. Chapman covers the whole range of subjects that are 
now drawing the attention of capitalists to this region, and 
brings the opinions and impressions of the many to the test 
of scientific analysis. A copy of this pamphlet should be in 
the hands of every man seeking profitable investments. To 
mining men it is invaluable. Lawrence Carroll, Editor 
Taney City Times (in Review). 

Your pamphlet " Natural Resources of Boone and Marion 
Counties " is a valuable and desirable contribution to mining 
literature. The theory, you advance of the forma- 
tion of the zinc and lead ore deposits, is very interest- 
ing, as it gives light on obscure features associated with such. 
S. Johnson, M. E., Springfield, Mo. 

I am very much pleased with it. Your theory of the forma- 
tion of the ore deposits is in full accord with my observations 
in the field. Investers guided by its teachings will hardly make 
unprofit-able investments. C. F. Drake, C. E., M. E., Werner, 
Idaho. 

The pamphlet " Natural Resources of Boone and Marion 
Counties " is not only an authoritative and reliable guide to 
investers in mineral lands, but also a miners and prospectors' 
hand-book of great value. North Arkansas Herald. 

In the absence of a State geological report, your little pamph- 
let, fills a necessity long felt. The results of my practical 
experience are in keeping with its statements. E. C. Cook, 
M. E., Recorder of the El Dorado Mining District. 



NATURAL RESOURCES OF BOONE AND 
MARION COUNTIES. 



CLIMATE. 

The climate of Northern Arkansas is mild and salubrious. 
The long summers are not attended by periods of excessive 
heat; sunstrokes and prostration from heat being unknown. 
The rains are generally seasonable, propitious, and not charac- 
terized by violent storms. The winter months are remarkable 
for the long periods of warm, sunshiny weather, the light snow- 
fall, and the absence of severe cold ; there being but few suc- 
cessive days in which laborers require or make use of the pro- 
tection of a coat. Potatoes are frequently, without detriment, 
let remain in the ground during winter. Peas and potatoes are 
usually planted in February. Ice seldom forms of such thick- 
ness as to permit cutting and storing. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The surface of the country is rough and rugged. Moun- 
tainous ridges, rising to an altitude of five hundred feet, and 
continuous for many miles, give place upon their summits to 
extensive tracts of more or less level lands ; and in the broad- 
ening and mergence of the valleys, prairies " of greater or 
lesser extent" are formed. 

SOILS. 

The diversity in the character of the soil is very great and 
strongly marked ; the variation in kind being due to position, 
method of formation, and the source of the component parts. 
Each kind, is best adapted to the growth of certain plants, and 
in determining the adaptability of the soil the agricultural pro- 
duce of any will be most materially increased. The valleys of 
the rivers and larger streams are extremely fertile and produce 
large yields of various crops. The uplands, while not produc- 



4 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

ing so well as the lowlands, are adapted to the growing of a 
greater diversity of crops, and for many purposes are prefera- 
ble to the more fertile lands. Little attention is paid to the 
fertilization of land. 

WATERS. 

The region is well watered by numerous streams, having 
their origin in springs, a number of which are of such size as 
to furnish an abundance of power for large manufacturing 
plants. The most noted springs are the " Guthrie Spring," on 
Rush Creek; the " Chapman Spring," in Chapman Hollow; 
the " Blackwell Spring," on Sugar Loaf, and the "Elixir 
Spring," on Sugar Orchard, Boone county ; this last being 
widely known and highly esteemed for its medicinal virtues. 
The spring waters are clear, cold and palatable, and vary in 
their degree of hardness, in proportion to their contents of 
carbonate or sulphate of lime. In the absence of springs 
water is had at depths varying from twenty to ninety feet. 

MEDICINAL PLANTS. 

1. Burdock (arclinum lappa). 24. Pleurisy root (asclipias tuberosa). 

2. Black Cohosh (cimicifuga racemosa). 25. Pennyroyal (hedsoma puligioides). 

3. Bloodroot (sanguinaria canadensis). 26. Queen of the meadow (eupalorium 

4. Blackberry (rubens villosa). purpurea). 

5. Balmony (chlone glabra). 27. Pink root (spigelia mariandiia). 

6. Boneset (eupalorium perfoliatum). 28. Sage (silvia officinalis). 

7. Blackroot (leptandra virginica). 29. Sweet elder (sambuccus canadensis). 

8. Bugle weed (lycopus virginiacus). 30. Spearmint (mentha varidis). 

9. Crane's bill (geranium maculatium). 31. Tansy (tanacetum vulgare). 

10. Belladonna (atropia belladonna). 32. Tag alder (alnus rubra). 

11. Catnip (nepeta cataria). 33. Valerian (Valeriana officinalis). 

12. Dogwood (cornus florida). 34. Virginia snake root (aristolochia tu- 

13. Dogfennel (marita cotula). berosa). 

14. Gravel plant (epigea repans). 35. Witch hazel (hamomalis virginiana). 

15. Golden seal (hydrastis canadensis). 36. Wild yam (dioscaria villosa). 

16. Hops (humulus lupulus). 37. Willow (silex alba). 

17. Henbane (hyoscyamus neger). 38. Wafer ash (pletea trifoliata). 

18. Indigo plant (baptisa tenclosia). 39. Yellow dock (rumex crispus). 

19. Mandrake (podophylluma pellatum). 40. Yellow lady's slipper (cypripedium 

20. Lobelia (lobelia inflata). rubaccus). 

21. Poke (phytolacca decandria). 41. Yellow jasmine (geleminum sempus). 

22. Poison parsley (conium maculatum). 42. Ginseng (p. ginseng). 

23. Peppermint (mentha peperita). 43. Smartweed. 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 



FOREST GROWTHS. 



Cucumber tree (magnolia acuminata, Cedar. 

Linn.). Cherry. 

Basswood (tilia amcrica, Linn.). Pawpaw (asimina trilobi, Dunal). 

Buckeye (sesculus glabra, Harvey). Prickly ash (xanthoxylum clavaterculis, 

Sumach (rhus copallina, Linn.). Linn.). 

Honey locust (gleditschia tricanthar, Maple (acer rubrum, Linn.). 

Linn.). Plum (prunis americana, Marshall). 

Black gum (nyssa sylvatica, Marshall). Dogwood (cornus florida, Linn.). 
Persimmon (diospyras virginiana, Linn.). Blue ash (fraxinus quadrangulata, Mich.). 
Elm (ulmus alata, Michaux). White ash (fraxinus americana, Linn.). 

Mulberry (morus rubra, Linn.). White elm (ulmus americana, Linn.). 

Hickories (various species). Sycamore (platanus occidentalis, Linn.). 

White oak (quercus albus, Linn.). Walnut (juglans nigra, Linn.). 

Overcup oak (quercus lyreta, Walter). Water oak (quercus aquatica, Walter). 
Red, Spanish oaks, and other species to Pin oak (quercus palustris, Du Roi). 

me unknown. Cypress (taxidiura disticlum, Richard). 

Willow (silex alba). Pine (pinus mitus, Michaux). 

Cottonwood. Chinquapin. 

Note.— With the exception of walnut and cedar, and such timbers as are de- 
stroyed in clearing, milling, etc., the forests are intact, and offer a basis for several 
profitable industries. Other species occur, but are unknown to me. 

PRODUCTS OF THE SOIL. 

Systematic farming is practically confined to the growing of 
the staples, cotton and corn, to the detriment of the country. 
Wheat, oats, rye, potatoes, sorghum, sweet potatoes and to- 
bacco are grown to lesser extent, but with gradually increasing 
acreage. Vegetables of all varieties grow to perfection, yield- 
ing large crops. 

FRUITS. 

The soils of the uplands, both in character and position, are 
most peculiarly adapted to the production of fruit. The cli- 
mate still further increases the adaptability of the region to 
this purpose. The superior character of the region, as a pro- 
ducer of fruit, is demonstrated by the character of its produc- 
tions, which are of delicious flavor, large size and great beauty. 
In their excellence they surpass that of the productions of all 
other fruit-growing regions, as witness, the awards of the 
New Orleans Exposition and the World's Fair. The yield is 
excessive, many large trees being broken asunder by the 



6 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

weight of their fruit. All fruits of the temperate, and num- 
bers of those of a semi-tropical climate, thrive in great per- 
fection with but little care and attention. 

Note. — To those unable to engage in arduous labor, and pos- 
sess but little capital, a field " unlimited in its possibilities " is 
opened up. 

BUILDING MATERIALS. 

Marbles, onyx, lime and sandstone offer, for building pur- 
poses, for the mere cost of quarrying. Material for lime and 
cement is equally abundant. Log houses (of one to four 
rooms), cosy and comfortable, can be erected at a cost of 
labor, viz.: $20 to $100. 

Pine lumber is cheap and at hand, and quoted at — 

First-class $12 50 per m. 

Second-class 10 00 per m. 

Third-class 8 00 per m. 

STOCK RAISING. 

The climate, soil, range and topography of the country ren- 
ders it in every way adapted to the successful raising of mules, 
horses, cattle, sheep and hogs. Such industry is not depend- 
ent upon near transportation facilities, and is as yet, neglected. 

GAME; SPORTING. 

While in this respect, not equal to some other region?, the 
country still contains a sufficiency of game to afford good sport. 
The list embraces the following : Deer, raccoon, opossum, rab- 
bits, squirrels, ducks, geese and quail. Foxes and wild-cats are 
numerous, and a few wolves exist in remote districts. 

FISHING. 

The rivers and larger streams are well stocked with catfiish, 
buffalo, red-horse, suckers, trout, bass, skip-jacks, chubs, dace : 
eels and gars, and in season furnish good sport. 

LANDS. 

Improved bottom lands may be purchased at from $20 to $30 per acre. 
Unimproved bottom lands may be purchased at from $5 to $15 per acre. 
Improved upland lands may be purchased at from $3.50 to $10 per acre. 
Unimproved upland lands may be purchased at from $2 to $5 per acre. 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 7 

VACANT UNITED STATES LANDS. 

Such, where not mineral lands can be acquired by home- 
stead entry of 160 acres, at a cost of $14 for lands outside 
railroad limits, or those within such limits, $18, and actual resi- 
dence for five years ; or, if desired, after an actual residence 
of fourteen months, the time may be commuted and patent 
acquired by the payment of $1.25 per acre. 

United States lands, of value only for the stone, are pur- 
chased outright at #1.25 per acre, proof being required as to 
the valueless character of the land for agricultural and mining 
purposes. 

United States mineral lands can only be acquired by com- 
pliance with the United States mining laws, which require 
(after location and recording) an annual expenditure of labor 
upon such land until patent issues. So long as the law is 
complied with, the location paper has the same status as a war- 
rantee deed. 

BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIAL OPPORTUNITIES. 

The resources of the country offers a sound and safe basis 
for the founding of numerous profitable industries ; the capital 
requisite to such purpose being, to a great extent, determined 
by the proposed magnitude of the industry. The products are 
staple in character, and meet with a ready sale in open market. 
Transportation to market is had by means of White River. 
More or less " local " assistance can be had in the founding 
of any of the following 

ENTERPRISES '. 

The manufacture of cedar woodware, staves, hoops, etc., 
wagon material. 

The smelting of copper, lead and zinc ores. 

The manufacture of lead and zinc white, sulphates of cop- 
per and iron, nitrate of strontia, nitrate of potash, sulphuric 
acid, sulphur and mineral paints. 

The cutting of onyx and marble. 

The mining and shipment of tripoli and guano. 

The manufacture of woolen and cotton goods. 



8 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

LABOR 

Ranges in price from 75 cents to $1.50 per diem (without 
board). 

FUEL. 

Wood, 75 cents to $2 per cord. Charcoal, 5 to 8 cents per 
bushel. 

THE COST OF LIVING 

May be adduced by a comparison of the following local 
market quotations with those of other localities : 

Yellville market, reported by H. A. Young, " merchant :" 
Coffee, green, 4 pounds for $1 ; Arbuckles, roasted, 3! 
pounds for $1 ; sugar, white, 13 pounds for $1 ; coffee A, 12 J 
pounds for $1 ; salt, per bushel, 75 cents; per barrel, $2.80 ; 
sorghum, per gallon, 40 cents; per barrel lots, per gallon, 35 
cents ; flour, " Patent Roller," $2 per 100 pounds ; meal, per 
bushel, 50 cents; pork, per pound, 5 cents; butter, per pound, 
10 to 12J cents ; eggs, per dozen, 5 to 15 cents; potatoes, per 
bushel, 50 cents ; sweet, per bushel, 50 cents ; beans, "navy," 
per bushel, $1.50 peas, per bushel, 75 cents to $1 ; cabbage, per 
head, 3 to 4 pounds, 5 cents ; turnips, per bushel, 25 to 30 
cents ; coal oil, per gallon, 25 cents ; chickens, 10 to 12^ cents 
each, weight, 2 to 5 pounds; milch cows, $10; extra choice, 
$20; horses, $40 to $75. Week ending January 7, 1894. 

WEALTH OF BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES- 
COUNTY SEATS. 

HARRISON 

The county seat of Boone County is most delightfully situ- 
ated in a well-watered region, rich, fertile and well timbered, 
abounding in resources requisite to successful farming, in ad- 
dition to those, which, if utilized, give assurance of an ever in- 
creasing market for the reception of agricultural products. Such 
are in the development of the mineral resources adjacent, and 
the founding of factories, and other industrial enterprises, to 
which her location peculiarly adapts her. The population of 
1800 souls possess wealth aggregating $200,000, which is em- 



BOONK AND MARION COUNTIES. 9 

bodiedjn well-built structures of brick and stone, attractive 
dwellings, banking interests and valuable stocks of merchan- 
dise of such class and kinds as is necessary to the supplying of 
the requirements of a well-to-do, prosperous and progressive 
people, distributed over an extensive territory, for which Har- 
rison is the collective and distributing center, her volume of 
trade averaging $700,000 per annum. Schools of high grade 
afford unrivaled opportunities to those desirous of acquiring 
an education. The spiritual welfare of the community is looked 
after jointly by Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian and Christian 
divines. Each denomination is possessed of valuable property. 
The educational interests are represented by three ably edited 
monthly journals. The welfare and interests of the community 
are guarded and fostered by the Boone Banner, A. C. Hull, 
editor, and the Harrison Times, T. J. Newman, editor, either 
of whom will, with pleasure, aid home-seekers or investers. 
The location of the U. S. land office at this point is most ad- 
vantageous, as Harrison is of easy access from all of the thir- 
teen counties under the jurisdiction of that office. The wealth 
of Boone County is placed at $1,500,000. The annual exports 
of choice fruit, agricultural products and live stock aggregate 
$300,000. The value of imports during the same period aver- 
aged $150,000. Numbers of lesser but thriving, prosperous vil- 
lages are within the limits of Boone County. At one such, Lead 
Hill, located in the central portion of the lead region, is an 
extensive and well-equipped foundry and machine shop. A 
large modern roller flouring mill is in operation at this point. 

YELLVILLE, COUNTY SEAT OF MARION COUNTY. 

Yellville, a rather pretty village of 450 souls, is situated in a 
rincon or break-off, in the valley of Crooked Creek. Nearly 
centrally located, it at present is the center of the most exten- 
sive and active developments of mineral properties, and forms 
the point of distribution of supplies for an extensive region, rich 
in mineral and agricultural resources. The public buildings 
are of brick and stone, well and substantially built. A number 
of elegant dwellings are seen. Iron and marble enter into the 



10 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

structure of the Layton block. Large stocks of merchandise 
are carried by the various merchants. The Bank of Yellville 
affords every facility common to banking. The aggregate 
wealth is $1,500,000. The educational advantages afforded by 
the Yellville Institute are of a superior order. The Methodist 
and Presbyterian denominations possess valuable church prop- 
erty, which other denominations are permitted to make use of 
in their worship. Desirably located as an industrial town, the 
manufactures of Yellville are as yet confined to the output of 
a roller mill of a daily capacity of forty barrels. The Mountain 
Echo ably represents the interests of the people. Its growth 
has been rapid and assured. 

DODD CITY. 

This little burgh is already characterized by vim, vigor and 
rapid growth. Topographical features certainly determine its 
future as a railroad town. The pinery, mineral resources and 
desirable location give assurance of the development of an in- 
dustrial town at this place. The Marion County Enterprise is 
the energetic advocate of the interests of this town, named in 
honor of its venerable founder, Dr. H. S. Dodd. The aggre- 
gate wealth of Marion County is given at $1,500,000. The 
population numbers 2,500, by whom a school fund of $1655 
is provided by special tax. The county is prohibition. The 
deposits of zinc exceed in number and extent those of all other 
counties in the State. The exports are zinc ores and agricul- 
tural products. 

In every district in both counties well-supported and patro- 
nized schools and churches are alike common. An inspection 
of our statute books and the records of each county court will 
demonstrate that the people of this region are in morality 
and high principles the equals of those of any State. A por- 
tion of our people, compelled to face the stern realities of life 
from their early youth, spent in the desolation and wreckage 
of the civil war, may be deficient in the usages and vernacular 
of refined society, but under the rough exterior is hidden a 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. II 

heart of gold, which manifests its presence in an innate refine- 
ment, hospitallity and earnest good will to all. 

For the facts relative to population, wealth, etc., of Boone 
and Marion Counties, I am indebted to Mr. H. C. Hull, of 
Boone County, and J. W. Black, County Clerk of Marion 
County. With pleasure I here acknowledge the obligation. 

The following extract from a letter of the talented State 
Geologist to the author, under date of December 25, 1893, is 
certainly of interest and unalloyed value : 

"Boone and Marion Counties are in one of the most attrac- 
tive portions of the State of Arkansas. The healthful climate, 
the abundant springs, the charming scenery, the fertile soil, the 
hospitality and warm heartedness*of the people, when taken in 
connection with the natural resources, make that section of the 
State a delightful place for residence, and one of which it is 
difficult to speak in too high terms. Yours truly, 

"J. C. Branner. 

" Palo Alto, Cal., Dec. 25, 1893." 

COLLECTIONS OF ARKANSAS MINERALS. 

Choice collections of minerals, named and labeled in accord- 
ance with Dana's system, at low rates, and exchange for books, 
etc. A collection of twenty-five species by mail $1.25. 

Practical instructions given in assaying, analytical and tech- 
nical chemistry, blow-pipe analysis, determinative mineralogy, 
mining geology, electro-metallurgy, construction and care of 
batteries. W. Albert Chapman, 

Mining Engineer, Assayer and Analyst. 

A PLEA FOR THE BUSINESS OF MINING. 

The mining industry is by many regarded as being specula- 
tive in its nature, and abounding in peculiar risks and dangers, 
which threaten the invester from every side. Such miscon- 
ception of facts has its origin in losses accruing to the pur- 
chasers of worthless stocks, of valueless prospects; or in those 
resulting from the unreasoning and unnatural fluctuations in 
value of the stocks of dividend-paying mines. While founded 



12 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

upon, and rendered possible by the demonstrative profits of 
legitimate mining, such speculative features are antagonistic to, 
and in no wise associates of that industry, they bearing the 
same relation to actual mining, as does the dealing in futures 
to the growing of wheat or cotton. Mining, presupposes the 
possession of a natural deposit of a mineral substance, which 
has within itself an inherent utility applicable in the economy 
of life, whereby the value is fixed and the demand for the sub- 
stance assured. The removal from a deposit of such material 
constitutes the business of mining, and fixes the locus of the 
risks, peculiar to the industry, and renders self-evident the 
fact, that such risks are confined to the uncertainties of extent 
and continuance in kind and quality of the ores of an undevel- 
oped deposit, and cease with the development of the deposit. 
The probability of a cashier absconding with the assets of a 
bank can be accounted a fixed liability of such institution, 
with the same degree of reason and justness as attributing to 
mining those risks due to mismanagement, ignorance and folly. 
The status of the mining industry as a desirable field for in- 
vestment, is best demonstrated by a comparison of it with that 
of some other industry regarded as a safe and satisfactory 
method of gaining a livelihood. Agriculture, is such, yet here 
attends uncertainty in the planting of the seed, its germination 
and growth. Myriads of enemies watch the maturing of the 
crop, storms and drouths sweep over region after region, and 
the product when garnered is still the objective point of de- 
structive agencies. From the casting of the seed to the gath- 
ering of its product, agencies over which man has no control, 
holds potent sway. Danger, disaster and destruction stand 
ward over every other industry awaiting to destroy the product, 
however carefully guarded. Merchandising is proverbially un- 
certain ; manufacturing is hampered by fluctuations of supply 
and demand, while agriculture in numberless instances affords 
but the scantiest of livings. As in these so in other industries. 
The capital, practical knowledge, energy and economy requi- 
site to the attainment of success in these industries, if applied 
to mining, can know no failure, as the mining industry is the 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 1 3 

basis upon which rests the entire social system. The progress 
of the human race in intelligence, refinement and wealth is de- 
pendent upon the advancement attained in the use of the pro- 
ducts of the mines. The first arrow-head forged by Tubal Cain 
was the procuresor of the Greek javelin, the Roman spear, the 
Damascus blade, the plow, the engine, the press and the road- 
ways of thought which bind together the nations of the earth. 

The Phoenician fire, kindled on the shore of the sea, gave 
birth to dainty forms in glass, and revealed to us the mysteries 
and wonders of space. 

Gold and silver, in the facility of their working and un- 
changeable characters, early fixed their value and adaptability 
to use as representatives of values and ready means of ex- 
change. The mining of copper made possible the construction 
of the dynamo, the throbs of whose mighty pulsations are now 
felt in the arteries of industry. The utilization of coal ren- 
dered possible the centralization of industries, wealth and pop- 
ulation, and finds expression in the building of mighty cities 
which in wealth and grandeur rival the glories of ancient king- 
doms. And in the utilization of the metal aluminum is the 
dawning of a new era, fraught with startling innovations and 
the embodiment of now seemingly visionary ideas into tangi- 
ble forms. The availability of the products of inorganic na- 
ture to utilization in the arts and economies of life is the foun- 
dation of the mining industry. Creative features have neither 
part nor lot in it; it is simply the utilization of pre-existent 
wealth. As population increases new wants and necessities 
arise, the gratification of which can only accrue from mining, 
and determines that the increase of the one is in direct ratio 
with the other. Other fields of productiveness are limited ; 
not so this, the garners were stored and made accessible to 
man by the Creator, whose infinite wisdom has prepared for 
all time the essentials of man's continued existence, and to each 
accession of knowledge by man, reveals the essential then 
requisite. 



14 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

COME, LET US REASON TOGETHER. 

Does there anywhere exist an industry, a demand for the 
products of which, is so sure and stable, fixed, as it is by the 
laws of necessity ? Is it not patent that such law must needs 
become more direct in its bearing upon demand, more potent 
in effecting the reception of the products of the mine with the 
lapse of time? Is not this assurance of the absorption of 
products a part of the sternest law that directs the action of 
man? How, then, can the acquisition of ownership to land, 
containing workable deposits of minerals or the simple extrac- 
tion of such ores, be productive of loss? The absurdity of such 
result being inherent to either act, is self-evident. The asser- 
tion that disaster is an invariable associate of the industry, is no 
less absurd when compared with the demonstrative profits and 
achievements of the mining industry. 

In 1845 tne West, bordered upon the Mississippi River; be- 
yond was a terra incognita. The discovery of gold in Cali- 
fornia in '49, swept the western border to the sea, and gave 
to the world in one year gold equal in value to the then 
world's supply. With resistless and lightning-like rapidity, the 
industry gave birth to towns, cities and states. Railroads and 
steamship lines, vast streams of metallic wealth, flowed from 
the fastnesses of the Rocky Mountains eastward, and in one 
generation carried the republic into the foremost rank of na- 
tions. From 1879 to 1889, a period of ten years, the reported 
mines of Colorado produced gold, silver, lead and copper val- 
ued at $230,000,000. During that period the voting popula- 
tion averaged about 60,000, one-third of whom, it is estimated, 
was engaged in prospecting, mining, milling and smelting. 
Assuming that each of these men has received $2.50 per day 
for ten years, the sum of $156,000,000 was required to meet 
the pay-roll, leaving a credit balance of $74,000,000, or $7,- 
400,000 per annum, to which sum at least $2,000,000 should be 
added as the earnings of individuals engaged in enterprises 
they would not report. The writer, during a portion of this 
period, realized large profits by extracting the silver and gold 
from zinc ores, then regarded as valueless. Others realized 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. I 5 

large returns from singly working properties of which little 
was known. Hardly a thousand of the mines, which are 
rapidly enriching their owners, are known to the public. In 
this industry, as in all others, profit is the main object, and where 
this cannot be attained with a reasonable certainty and within 
a reasonable time, the further expenditure of labor and money 
becomes a questionable matter outside of legitimate business. 
An inspection of the list of dividends declared and paid by 
mines, capitalized at hundreds of thousands, will certainly prove 
productive of astonishment to those who do not know that 
such mines " often " do not exceed twenty acres in extent, and 
that but a very limited portion of such limited acreage is pro- 
ductive of ores, and give them new ideas relative to the value 
of land and the mining industry. 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND THE VALUE OF LANDS. 

The value of land, fixed by its adaptability to the purpose 
of agriculture, is often exceeded a thousand-fold by that which 
accrues to it through the occurrence of deposits of minerals 
the utility of which renders them applicable in the economic 
purposes of life. Such minerals are termed economic minerals 
and by geologists are classed as follows : 

Agricultural minerals. — Building stones, stones for decorative 
purposes, sculpture, mortars, cements, concretes, etc. 

Minerals used for the production of heat and light. — Coal, 
lignite, bituminous shales, petroleum, natural gas, strontia 
lime, magnesia. 

Minerals used in pottery. — Kaolin, fire clay, terra cotta clay, 
brick clay, infusorial earth, meerschaum quartz, feldspar, pot- 
ters' clay, pigmatite, salt, borax. 

Minerals used in glass making, metallurgy and similar arts 
— Qnartz, sand, potash, soda, borax, lime and metallic oxides. 

Refractory , or fire-resisting materials. — Bauxite, fire clays, 
soapstone (steatite), kaolin, graphite, asbestos, sandstones. 

Minerals used for grinding, polishing, etc. — Millstones, sand- 
stones, grit, emory, corundum, tripoli, infusorial earth, rotten- 
stone, slatestone, whetstone, novaculite, oilstone. 



l6 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

Minerals used as pigments and coloring materials. — Ochres, 
ambers, sienna, baryta, calcite, .hematite, cobalt, chrome-iron, 
realgar, orpiment, cinnabar and other metallic oxides. 

Salts and saline earths. — Salt, natron, trona, glauberite, 
borax, cryolite, nitrates of soda and potash, epsomite, alum 
slates, copperas, bluestone, sulphate of zinc. 

Minerals used in pyrotechnics. — Sulphur, sulphide of iron, of 
arsenic, of copper, of zinc, of antimony, soda, potash, and 
their carbonates and nitrates, clays. 

Ores of metals. — Aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, bis- 
muth, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, gold, iron, 
lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, silver, tellurium, tin, 
tungsten, uranium, vanadium, zinc. 

Native metals. — Gold, platinum, palladium, iridium, silver, 
copper, mercury. 

Gems and precious stones. — Diamonds, rubies, emerald, sap- 
phire, torquoise, topaz, beryl, zircon, lapis-lazuli, moonstone, 
sunstone, cat-and-tiger eyes, labordorite, garnet, pyrope, 
amethyst, carbuncle, alamandine, tourmelane, chalcedony, 
agate, onyx, opal, jasper, malachite. 

Mineral springs. — Hot and cold springs, chalybeate, sulphur, 
carbonated, alkaline, lime and magnesian waters. 

Any of the enumerated minerals may be found on lands 
where their presence is not suspected. Their presence offers a 
basis for the establishment of various manufacturing industries 
and mining operations of assured success, where accessible ; 
otherwise (in the absence of transportation) choice invest- 
ments, the near future will enhance in value wherever located. 
If you have capital to invest in the establishment of safe and 
profitable industries, " founded upon the utilization of such 
deposits," or if you have skill and experience in rendering the 
products of such deposits marketable, it is to your advantage 
to confer with me. 

THE MINERAL RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS. 

This list of Arkansas minerals is taken from the monograph, 
•■ Useful Minerals of the U. S., Albert Williams, Jr., U. S. Geol. 
Surv., Rept. 1887, Mineral Resources of the U. S." 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 



17 



Prof. Williams, in his monograph, states as follows : 
" In addition to the State Geologist, mining engineers and 
others who contributed material to the list of mineral localities 
published in Mineral Resources, 1882, special thanks are due 
the following named gentlemen for new fnformation regarding 
the mineral occurrences of the respective States and Terri- 
tories : Arkansas — J. C. Branner, F. W. Gibb, W. A. Chap- 
man, F. B. Harvey." 

(The * designates later additions, for which the author is alone responsible.) 
ARKANSAS MINERALS MINED. 



Mineralogical 
Name. 



Anglesite* 

Agate 

Alabaster* 

Calamine 
Coal 



Galena . 



Graphite* 



Granite 

Hydrozincite 

Jamesonite . . 

Limestone. . . 



Common Name. 



Carbonate of lead 

Quartz 

Sulphate of lime. 

Brick clay 

Silicate of zinc. . 

Coal 



Sulphide of lead. 



Remarks. 



Lithographic. 
R— 2 



Near Dodd City, Marion Co. 

Finely .variegated, Momgomery Co. 

Sebastian, Boone, Searcy and Marion Cos., in 
the latter, Durst's cave, with onyx. 

Several varieties. 

*In massive and mammillary forms, as incrus- 
tations, Boone, Marion, Searcy Cos. 

Area about 7000 square miles; varieties, bitu- 
minous, semi-anthracite; localities, Washing- 
ton, Franklin, Crawford, Sebastian, Yell and 
Pope Cos. *These coals are peculiarly adapt- 
ed to metallurgical purposes. 

Pulaski Co., (silver, lead and zinc), Carroll Law- 
rence Cos., Marion Co., (partly argentifer- 
ous). Newton and Searcy (argentiferous), Se- 
vierCo., (with antimony ore and argentifer- 
ous), Garland, Howard, Scott, Polk, (partly 
argentiferous and associated chaleopyrite, 
sphalerite), Montgomery and Pike Cos., many 
new mines opened; more or less antimony in 
nearly all mines lately opened. 

Extensive deposits in Hot Spring Co., lesser 
ones in Garland, Montgomery, Howard and 
Pike Cos. 
Near Little Rock, Pulaski Co., near Benton, Sa- 
line Co. 
Marionite zinc 
carbonatel 

earthy calamine Marion Co., *Boone and Searcy Cos, 
Lead and antimo 

ny sulphide. . . Antimony City mines, Sevier Co., *rare species 
geocronite and zenkenite occur also. 
Black limestone for ornamental and inside work, 
oolite limestone. Independence Co., *the first 
also in Searcy Co. 
Searcy, * Marion, Boone Cos. 



Black lead, plum- 
bago 



NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

Arkansas minerals mined. — Continued. 



Mineralogical 
Name. 



Mexican onyx* 
Millerite 



Novaculite 



Psilomelane 
Pyrolusite . . 



Quartz 



Argantum 
Sphalerite 



Syenite .... 
Tetrahedrite 



Common Name. 



Marble . , 
Marl ... 



Carbonate of lime 



Nickel sulphide . 

Mill and buhr 

stone 



Potters' clay . . . 

Manganese ore. . 

Manganese diox- 
ide 



Hot Springs dia- 
mond 

Sandstone 



Silver blend . 
Sulphide of zinc, 



Remarks. 



Antimonial, cop- 
per, gray cop- 
per 



Zinc ores. 



Carroll, Newton Searcy, Madison Marion, Boone 
and Stone Cos., encrenital, red, pink and grey. 

Calcareous and shell marls in Green Co., Clark 
Hempstead, Pike, Jefferson, Lonoke, Madi- 
son, St Francis Cos., gypseous marls, Pike 
and Greene Cos. 

In caves as stalactites and stalignites, Marion 
Co., near Dodd's City, Boone, Stone and 
Searcy Cos. 

Rabbetfoot mine, near Benton, Saline Co. 

Independence, Searcy and Ixard Cos. 

Several localities in Hot Spring, Garland and 
Saline Cos., known as Ouachita oil stone, 
Arkansas stone; mined principally at Whet- 
stone mountain. 

Near Benton, Saline Co., Texarkana, Miller 
Co., Arkadelphia, Clark Co., *Pike Co. 

Near Batesville, Independence Co., and else- 
where. 

Near Little Rock, Pulaski Co., near Batesville 
and Cushman, Independence Co. 

Crystal mountains. Montgomejy Co. 

Cabin Creek, Johnson Co., Dardanelle, Yell 
Co.", Batesville, Independence Co. 

In Galena, blend, chalco-pyrite and iron ores, 
Independence, Lawrence and Pulaski Cos. 

*The most extensive deposits are those of Ma- 
rion, Boone, Searcy and Newton Cos., crystals 
rare. 

Cove Creek, Montgomery Co., Little Rock, Pu- 
laski Co. 



Kellogg mine, 10 miles north of Little Rock, 

Pulaski Co., with argentiferous galena. 
With many of the lead occurrences. 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 
MINERALS NOT MINED. 



*9 



Mineralogical 
Name. 



Apatite 
Azunte 



Aurichalcite* . . 
Brannerite*. . . . 



Bitumen* 
Baryta . . . 



Bauxite 



Brookite . 
Calamine. 



(Greenochite*) 
Cadmium, blend 



Celestite . . 
Chalcopyrite 



Coal— variety, lig. 
nite 

Cuprite* 



Galena , 
Aurum. 



Gypsum. 



Halite . . . 
Hematite . 



Common Name. 



Remarks. 



Magnet Cove, Hot Spring Co. 



Phos p h a t e of 

lime 

Carbonate of cop- 
per jAs an incrustation, Sevier, Saline, and Mont- 
gomery Cos. *In nodules (sparingly), Searcy 
Co. 



Zinc and copper 

sulphide 

Carbonate of zinc 



In druse cavities in blend, Marion Co. 
Decomposition product (sparingly), in Boone, 

Marion and Searcy Cos. 
Marion Co., in limestone. 



Heavy spar sul- 
phide of baryta 



Montgomery and Polk Cos. 

Heavy and extensive deposits near Little Rock, 
Pulaski Co., discovered by J. C. Branner. 
Titannic acid . . . Magnet Cove, Hot Spring Co. 

Zinc silicate Sharp, Lawrence, Searcy, *Newton, Boone, and 

Marion Cos. 



Sulphide of cad- 
mium 

Sulphide of stron- 
tia 

Sulphide of iron 
and copper . . . 



Brown coal 



Red oxide of cop- 
per 



Fire-clay 

See first part of 
list 



Gold 



Sulphide of lime. 



Rock salt 

Red iron ore. . . . 

Hydraulic li m e- 
stone 



As as incrustation on zinc ores, Marion Co. 

White and Pike Cos. 

With galena, Pulaski, Sevier, Howard, Polk, 
Pike, Hot Spring, Montgomery, Saline Cos. 
*Also in Marion Co. In Searcy Co., asso- 
ciated with malachite and melaconite. 

Ashley, Bradley, Dallas, Green, Ouachita, Sa- 
line and Union Cos. *Also Pike Co. 

Sevier Co. (sparingly); in some quantity, Searcy 

Co. 
Sebastian, Pike and Crawford Cos. 

*The heaviest deposits occur on Short Moun- 
tain, Marion Co. 

Said to occur at Silver City, in quartz; at the 
Bellah mine, Sevier Co.; also in pyrites of 
iron of doubtful importance. *The character 
of the region justifies the exploration for gold. 
Its occurrence in certain portions of Mont- 
gomery, Tike, Howard, Sevier and Polk Cos. 
is very probable. 

Green Co. in clay on Little Missouri river; Pike 
Co., extensive deposits; Plaster Bluffs, and 
three miles east of Murfeesborough. 

Dallas and Hot Spring Cos. 

Marion Co ; *in Lafferty Creek, Independence 
Co.; latter County, sparingly. 

Saline, and many counties in the northern part 
of state. 



20 



NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

minerals not mined. — Continued. 



Mineralogical 


Common Name. 


Remarks. 


Name. 










Lawrence, Searcy, Marion, Baxter and Polk Cos. 






See first part of list. 

Pulaski and Saline Cos.; *also Pike and Boone 


Kaolin 








Cos. 




Brown hemit i t e 






iron ore 


Carroll, Fulton, Lawrence, Ouachita. Pulaski, 
Randolph, Saline, Montgomery, Polk, Wash- 
ington, White, Sebastian, Howard and Sevier 
Cos. 

Yellow, Greene Co.;*red, yellow, Marion Co. 

Magnet Cove, Hot Spring Co., abundant on 




Ochre 




Magnetic iron ore 






surface as lodestone of fine quality; *in Co- 






lumbia Co., as a fine black sand; very pure ore. 


Malachite 


Green carbonat e 








Sevier, Montgomery and Pulaski Cos., as an in- 
crustation only. *In quantity in nodules and 
radiating crystalline form, massive, Searcy Co. 






In thick sheets and pseudomorphs in lignite 
beads, Wolf Creek, Pike Co.; massive in Ma- 
rion and Searcy Cos. 




Black oxi d e of 








Tomahawk mines, Searcy Co., in large quantity, 
^associated with chalcopyrite, malachite and 
cuprite. 


Muscovite 


Mica 


Magnet Cove, Hot Spring Co. 
Marion and Newton Cos., in caves. 


Nitre 


Titaniteof lime. . 




Magnet Cove, Hot Spring Co. 


Petroleum 




Scott Co. 




Manganese ore. . 


Green, Pulaski, Saline, Clark and Miller Cos. 




See first part of list. 


Pyrites .... 


Sulphide of iron . 


Hot Spring Co., vein reported four yards wide; 
Pulaski, Montgomery, *Polk, Pike, Marion, 








Searcy and Boone Cos. 




Manganese diox- 






ide 


Polk, Pulaski, Howard and Montgomery Cos. 
Montgomery Co., sparingly in Howard and Se- 
vere Cos. 


Quartz 


Rock crystal 




Rutile 


Tetanic acid. . . . 


Magnet Cove, Hot Spring Co., *massive and in 
trimmed crystals. 








Franklin, Searcy, Johnson, Van Buren, Yell and 
Independence Cos. 






Sand 


For glass making; Marion, Boone and Searcy 
Cos. 






Saline waters* . . 




Sevier and Franklin Cos. 


Serpentine 




Magnet Cove, Hot Spring Co.; Polk Co. 
Franklin Co., thin beds, in sheets; Madison 




Spaltuc iron .... 






Pope, White, Johnson, Van Buren, Washing- 






ton and Saline Cos., in shales. 






Eight miles north of Batesville, Independence 
Co., formerly utilized as a polish and sold in 








St. Louis. *Occurs also in several localities 






in Boone and Marion Cos., of good grade. 




Slate and flag- 








Pulaski, Saline and Polk Cos. 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 



21 



tiNERALS not MINED. — Concluded. 



Mineralogical 
Name. 



'Smithsonite. . . . 
Strontianite*.. . 



Carbonate of zinc 

Carbonate of 
strontium . , 



Sphalerite . 
Steatite . . . 
Stibnite . . . 



Wad .. 

Zincite. 



Common Name. 



Remarks. 



In incrustations in limestone, Lawrence Co.; 
*Marion, Boone, Searcy and Newton Cos. 

Near the Morning Star min*>, Marion Co.; as an 

interstratification of the limestones. 
See first list. 
Large deposits in Saline and Pulaski Cos. 



Talc, soapstone . 

Antimony sul-| 

phide jSeveral localities in Sevier Co., with ochre. 

*Tamesonite, Geoermite. Jinkenite, and other 
rare species of arsenica minerals. 

Bog manganese . North fork of White River, Izard Co. 

Zinc oxide Lawrence Co. . 



ARKANSAS GEMSTONES. 



Mineralogical Common Name . 
Name. 



Agate . . . 
Amethyst 



Alamandine 



Agerite . 
Crysolite 



Manganese, gar 



Remarks. 



Cocolile 

Ealolite |Sunstone garnet 



Gossularite iCinnamon stone 



Jasper . . 
Melanite 



Microline 
Pearls . . . 



Perofskite 



Prase . 
Rutile 



Rock Crystal 



Schorlamite 

Topaz 

Smithsonite 



Quartz Occurs finely variegated, Montgomery Co. 

Perfect crystals, small and rare, Montgomery 

and Yell Cos. 
Some crystals, large, fine, ruby red, Magnet 

neF j Cove, Hot Spring Co, 

Jet black, lustrous prisms, Saline Co., as above. 

Blue and green crystals, small, Magnet Cove, 

Hot Spring, Montgomery, Saline and Pulaski 
Cos. 
Green, Magnet Cove, Hot Spring Co. 
In nodular masses, massive, also inclosing py- 
rites, subordinate, Magnet Cave, Hot Spring 

Co. 

Magnet Cove. Hot Spring Co. 

Quartz Hot Spring, Garland, Montgomery and Polk 

Cos. 
Black garnet. . . . Very large crystals, as schorlamite, black lustres, 
seldom perfect of same composition, Mag- 
net Cove, Hot Spirng Co. 
. . Samples found, of little value, Magnet Cove, 
Hot Spring Co. 
Occur of large size in common mussels in 

White river, Buffalo river, Marion Co. 
Occur in cubes, quite perfect, very lustrous, 

black, Magnet Cove, Hot Spring Co. 
Green, Saline and Montgomery Cos. 

Titanic acid Rosettes, formed by trimming, perfect, unique, 

Magnet Cove, Hot Spring Co. 

Quartz Clear, pink, green, doubly terminated crystals, 

crystal nuts, much used foi jewelry, Mont- 
gomery Co. 
See melanite. 

Quartz Magnet Cove, Hot Spring Co. 

Carbonate of zinc Pearly lustre, rich, deep yellow and creamy 
white colors ; perfectly adapted to use as a 
gem, Marion county.* 



22 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

In the preparation of this list much assistance has been de- 
rived from the reports of the State Geological Survey under 
Dr. J. C. Branner. For list of reports, see below. 

Collections of Arkansas minerals, named and labeled in ac- 
cordance with Dana's system of mineralogy, for sale or ex- 
change for minerals, works treating on chemistry, assaying, 
metallurgy, technology, mineralogy and geology, address the 
author. 

THE REPORTS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF 

ARKANSAS. 

Persons seeking information, regarding the mineral resources 
of Arkansas, will find official reports upon its geology in the 
volumes published by the State Geologist, Dr. John C. Bran- 
ner. The law provides that a certain number of these reports 
shall be distributed to scientists and capitalists by the Secre- 
tary of State, who, however, "shall request the applicant to 
state in writing that he is a scientist or capitalist, and that he 
wishes the reports to aid him in investigating the mineral re- 
sources of the State." Applicants are required to pay post- 
age or express charges on the reports. 

The subjects of the separate volumes, and the prices at which 
they are sold, are as follows: 

subject of the report. Price. 

1888, Vol. I. Gold and Silver, (Western-Central Ark.) $1 00 

1888, Vol. II. Mesozoic (Chalk, Southwest Ark.) 1 00 

1888, Vol. III. Coal (Preliminary Report) 75 

1 888, Vol. IV. Washington county (Plant List) 100 

1889, Vol. II. Crowley's Ridge (Northeast Ark.) 100 

1890, Vol. I. Manganese I 35 

1890, Vol. II. Igneous Rocks ("Granites") 1 35 

1890, Vol. III. Novaculites (Whetstones) 1 35 

1890, Vol. IV. Marble and Limestone (North Ark.) .... 1 50 

1891, Vol. I. Mineral Waters 1 00 

1892, Vol. I. Iron Deposits 1 00 

The following volumes are in various stages of preparation : 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 23 



Clays, Kaolins and Bauxites. 



2. Coal (Complete Final Report). 

3. Zinc and Lead. 

Tertiary Geology (South Arkansas). 

Lower Coal Measures. 

Miscellaneous Reports (containing Benton county, Dal- 
las county, Elevations, Bibliography of the Geology of Ar- 
kansas, Magnetic Observations, etc.) 

OUTLINE. 

The zinc and lead region embraces the northeastern portion 
of Boone, the greater part of Marion, the northern portion of 
Searcy, and the northwestern part of Newton Counties. The 
boundaries of this region, "as determined by the occurrence 
of ores," is very irregular in outline, and, as yet, only approxi- 
mately known. It ranges in width from six to twenty miles, and 
approaches forty in length. In various localities throughout the 
region occurs some of the most remarkable zinc ore deposits 
yet discovered. These deposits, together with other occurring 
ores " of commercial importance," are those which form the 
subject herein treated of. The trend of the ore-bearing lands, 
" as determined by the relation of ore deposits," is nearly 
northwest southeast — a line passing through Yellville and Dodd 
City effects, " as near as may be," the separation of the region 
into two (approximately) equal parts. 

PANTOGRAPHY. 

Like sentinels, towering mountains encircle the border of this 
wonderland, and hold within their wild and rugged fastnesses, 
vast and inexhaustible stores of wealth, unrivaled even by those 
of India's far-famed mines, or the possibilities of Aladdin's lamp. 
Entering near the northwest corner, the broad waters of the 
picturesque White River sweeps in majestic beauty, graceful 
curves and narrow bendings, doubling and turning upon its 
course in its southeastward journey through this treasure house 
of the southwest, past fertile fields and cozy homes, nestling 
about the foot of mountains that spring from the limpid water's 



24 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

side, leaving mirrored there the ever-changing beauties of their 
forest-clad slopes ; past overhanging cliffs, where carved in rude 
and fantastic form, gigantic stairways lead upward to seeming 
castles, cities and ruins, guarded by grotesque forms in stone, 
of birds and beasts. Wide-reaching arches span the entrance 
of caverns, in the obscure depths of which are untold and un- 
known possibilities. Shadowy forms, snowy in their whiteness 
and quaintly draped, stand or recline on alabaster couches, and 
in the flickering of the torchlight, seem endowed with life, and 
the embodiment of an Arabian tale of enchantment. 

Marble palaces, rivaling those of kings, may here be built, 
the cost of which, is only, that of labor of erection. Red, pink, 
blue, gray, variegated, encrinital and ruin marble are known so 
abundant and so little valued, that log cabins rest on marble 
walls, and the curling smoke ascends through marble chim- 
neys. Of such quality, is it, that inferior stone has been used 
to record the deeds of heroes and perpetuate the fame of a na- 
tion's dead. Nor are sites of palaces wanting in this Switzerland 
of the South. Cutting deep into the rugged mountain sides, val- 
leys wind in and out, broadening into parks or narrowing into 
walled canons, whose overhanging cliffs quaintly fashioned into 
curious forms by the storms of ages, embrace within their 
fastnesses romantic glens and weird nooks. Terraced slopes 
recede upward to dome-shaped summits from whose heights a 
panorama of indescribable beauty and grandeur opens up to 
view. Enormous blocks of stone are strewn and piled about 
the mountain sides as if by Titans in their play. Flowers, ferns, 
creeping vines and mosses tone down their ruggedness and 
clothe in beauty their time-worn sides. 

The pine forests lend to the passing breeze balmy odors, 
health-giving in their power, and in the murmuring of their 
leaves is found a melody that soothes and quiets the weary 
mind. Waters pure and cold, sweet as the nectar of the gods, 
spring from a soil rich in productiveness. Here health and 
wealth, twin sisters of happiness, may be found, and peace and 
quietness had for the seeking. 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 2$ 

WHITE RIVER. 

*"Any one taking the trouble to read the Annual Reports of 
the Chief of Engineers for the past twelve years will be struck 
with the uniform testimony of engineers in regard to the future 
great commerce of this river, a significant fact in itself." 

*From Report of Chief of United States Engineers, of 1888, 
page 1405, report of Captain Taber, engineer in charge of 
White River improvements : 

This river has, " since the early settlement of the country," 
been the commercial highway of the region traversed by it. 
In the years preceding and immediately following the civil war 
all were awake to the importance of this noble river, which 
then was the only means of transportation available to the 
commerce of a vast territory. From Forsythe, in Missouri, 
" then the head of navigation," downward, enormous crops of 
cotton floated to eastern markets, and imports of like magni- 
tude found their way inland on the broad bosom of this river. 
The Federal and Confederate Governments availed themselves 
(see official reports of the civil war) of the facilities offered, in 
the transportation of men and material. Then recognized as 
a stream adapted to the purposes of commerce, it has since 
been improved, by the deepening of the channel, through the 
removal of shoals and rocks, which " in time of low water " 
obstructed the passage of steamers. This improvement ex- 
tended from Batesville, " the railroad terminus," to Buffalo 
City, "in Marion county," between which points no impedi- 
ment now exists to the passage of ore-laden boats during or- 
dinary years. From Buffalo City to the northern limit of the 
region outlined, " a distance of sixty miles by water,'' to 
steamers and ore barges, this portion of the river is navigable 
for three-fourths or more of the year. An appropriation of 
$8000, " deemed ample by the engineer in charge," was made 
for the removal of the obstructions in this portion of the river. 
The work has been begun and completed within the year, 
thereby affording miners access to market at all times. The 
river ranges in width from 75 to 150 yards. Boat-landings are 



26 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

common, and easily accessible. The valleys of the tributary 
streams, "quite numerous throughout the region," afford every 
facility requisite to the construction of good wagon-roads or 
tramways. 

The importance of White River as a factor in the develop- 
ment of the natural resources of the region traversed by it can 
hardly be over-estimated. Its presence gives assurance of 
cheap and easily available transportation, to the miner for his 
ores and to the manufacturer for his wares. Even by the stop- 
page of navigation for a period of four months by low water, 
" an exceedingly rare occurrence," the commercial utility of 
the river, " as compared with northern and eastern waterways," 
is in no degree lessened, as while the waterways of those re- 
gions are bound in fetters of ice this river is open to traffic. 

BUFFALO RIVER. 

This river is 50 to 75 yards in width, and flows in a north- 
easterly course through the southeastern part of the outlined 
territory, and empties into White River near Buffalo City. 

It is available for the transportation of ores for seven to 
eight months of the year. 

ORE BARGES. 

A barge of fifty tons capacity measures 50X12 feet; can be 
built at a cost of $50; further carrying capacity can be had at 
an average cost of $1 per ton. On delivery of the ore at rail- 
road terminus, the barge can be disposed of as second-class 
lumber, thereby effecting a further reduction of cost of delivery. 
Three men, at $2 per day, can run a barge down in three days. 

ORE SACKS. 
Sacks should be made about 12X14 inches, of very heavy 
canvas ; i-inch sea-grass rope should be sewn around three 
sides, leaving four inches unsewn on two sides to form hand 
grasps, by which means handling is facilitated, and greatly re- 
duced in cost. Seams should be strongly sewn. Such sacks 
last many months, and soon in the saving of ore, repay first 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 2.J 

cost. Made of the size stated, the sacks will hold about ioo 
pounds of ore each. After shipment they are of course re- 
turned. 

COST OF TRANSPORTATION BY BARGE. 

Buffalo City to Batesville, $1.50 per ton of 2000 pounds; 
Batesville to St. Louis, #2.75 per ton of 2000 pounds. Total, 
$4.25 per ton. 

TRANSPORTATION BY STEAMER. 
Buffalo City to Batesville, $1.75 to $3.00 per ton. 

COSMOGONY AND CHEMISTRY OF THE CREATIVE 

PERIOD. 

Look which way we may for that period in which time be- 
gan, or matter had its origin, we nowhere find anything so full, 
complete, and in such harmonious accord with the revelations 
of nature, as in the opening page of the first chapter of Genesis. 

The creative acts as there depicted, are such as no mortal 
eye had seen, nor could the mind of man have formulated a 
scheme of such broad and profound philosophy, having a 
sequented series of acts arranged in an order not consistent 
with the faulty conceptions of the mortal. The prophetic 
character of the narration of the events of the creation becomes 
more apparent with the lapse of time, and the acquisition of 
knowledge, and acquires a broader, deeper meaning from the 
directive force which had origin in the progressive character 
of the manner of creation. This feature becomes more evi- 
dent as we become conversant with the incompleteness of the 
present, and its relation to future time, when time shall cease, 
and all things be in a state of rest. That the writer was in- 
spired, is evident; thatjthe creation was the act of an omnipo- 
tent being is demonstrated by the infinite wisdom everywhere 
displayed in nature ; each stone, leaf or flower is a design, and 
implies the existence of a designer; all are whisperings of an 
Almighty God and his wondrous power. 

"In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth." 



28 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

Here we have the first act of the creation, and the time of 
such act is quite as definitely .fixed as if a day and a year had 
been expressed ; and whether this " begining " was 6000, 60,- 
OOO or 60,000,000 of years from a place in time we assume to 
know, is quite immaterial to the fact of that beginning, or the 
mode of its occurrence. The following passage is explanatory 
of the stage of advancement of the first act. " And the earth 
was without form and void, and darkness was upon the face of 
the deep." In the beginning the elements of which the earth 
and all upon it, is composed, was brought together by divine 
mandate ; their assemblage and grouping into such forms, as 
we know as solids, was an after event, as " the earth was with- 
out form and void." We cannot conceive of a mass of matter 
in nature fulfilling these conditions having other than a 
gaseous form. 

That such conception, is true, is substantiated, first, by the 
sequence of events, as narrated by the inspired historians ; 
second, that in our hands, all substances (with limited excep- 
tions) can be vaporized ; third, the form of the earth, an 
attribute it could not have possessed until it became individ- 
ualized, nor could it have been without form had the constitu- 
ent parts been in other than elementary form ; fourth, such 
nebular or gaseous masses are known to have existence ; fifth, 
the spectroscope reveals to us the presence of elementary 
forms of matter in the regions of space ; sixth, the form of 
the earth, is only that which could have resulted from the 
erystalizing out, from a menstruum, which, in itself, formed the 
containing media of compounds of elementary forms gener- 
ated by the laws of chemical affinity ; seventh, the definite 
and characteristic accordance of such compounds and their 
universal distribution ; eighth, stability of motion in fixed 
planes could only have been imparted to a body possessed of 
solidity and rigidity of form. From this we make the follow- 
ing deductions : That the earth was first a nebular mass, con- 
sisting of the elements in gaseous form, which now enters into 
its structure, and that during the creative period a gradual sep- 
aration of the elements requisite to the formation of rocks 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 20, 

and ores, from those, which were essential to the formation of 
water and the atmosphere ; the proportions of one or the 
other, being determined by the presence of those which could 
satisfy its affinity. And further, that if one or the other was in 
excess, then instability and change must ever form a charac- 
teristic of the matter entering into the earth's structure, and 
in consequence, the engendering of certain forces, co-asso- 
ciates of the act of creation, which, with resistless energy and 
ceaseless activity, in obedience to the will of God, strive to 
effect and maintain an equilibrium of forces and the preserva- 
tion of matter as first formed. The action of these forces, 
among which electro and galvanic forces are manifest, and the 
power of gravitation declares itself, is progressive, cumulative 
and restorative, the effects of which they are the cause, form 
the laws of nature. They are the agents of God in the open- 
ing up to the use of man in each successive stage of life, the 
stores of sustenance of unlimited extent, limitless application 
and universal distribution, destined adequate to the needs of 
countless millions, so long as time shall last. All matter in, 
upon, or accessible from the earth, of whatsoever nature, kind 
or character, form or fashion, is of elementary form or a com- 
bination of two or more such forms. We recognize sixty-four 
elements, fifty of which are metals. Of the sixty-four there 
are some twenty-seven for which no practical use has as yet 
been f6und, and from their apparently limited occurrence in 
nature, we, in our present state of knowledge, regard them as 
of little importance in the economy of nature. Earth, air, 
fire and water were esteemed elementary forms of matter by 
the alchemists, and served as the basis of their operations in 
the attempted transmutation of metals. These supposed ele- 
mentary forms of matter have, by us, been separated into sim- 
pler forms of matter. What has been, may be again. All 
ideas are the offspring of Nature's inspiration, and never die. 
In the distant future the forms of matter we now regard as 
elementary, " only because of our inability, through the ab- 
sence of adequate means, or insufficiency of knowledge in the 
use of those we possess, to affect their separation or revolution 



30 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

into simpler forms," may be demonstrated compound bodies ; 
if so, then in the backward swing of the pendulum of time, 
the dreams of the alchemist will have fruition, gold, and the 
sustenance of life be crystalized out from etherial depths. 

The spectroscope reveals the presence of the same element- 
ary forms of matter in space, as those of earth. Scientists 
generally regard the elements thus shown as being those en- 
tering into the structure of the planet examined. But the ex- 
periments of the author with this instrument has convinced 
him that such elements " supposedly present in a planet " are 
actually present within the outer limits of our atmosphere ; 
and that the apparent variation in number or kind, is simply 
due to the variation in quantity and intensity of light as trans- 
mitted by the various planets to the prisms of the instrument. 
This view, is supported by the fall from space of masses of an 
iron and nickel alloy, the formation of which, can reasonably 
be accounted for only on the supposition of their presence in 
space in gaseous form, and the subsequent action of electric 
forces. The position, that such meteoric masses had origin in 
the bursting asunder of a planet by the explosion of a force 
within itself, does too much violence to the understood laws of 
nature. The exertion of a projectile force requisite to project 
a 480-grain stone, or one of thirty tons, millions of miles, 
necessitates in view of the character of the opposing forces, a 
conception of mechanism rather too intricate for comprehen- 
sion and wholly inadequate to such preservative action as is 
essential to the maintenance of its individuality until the at- 
tainment of the journey's end. Nature is progressive ; evolu- 
tion is the method of that progression. The elimination of a 
planet, however small, from the realms of space, is retrogres- 
sion and productive of a void. But to return from this di- 
gression. The character of the materials used in the construc- 
tion of the earth, the method of the creation and the nature 
of the forces "originating in the creation," are such that there 
can be no destruction of matter, nor exhaustion of nature's 
resources. The agencies at work tearing down mountains, 
leveling plains, extending the coast lines or sinking land in the 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES 3 1 

sea, are also gathering together into receptacles prepared for 
them the materials requisite for use in future time, and rendering 
accessible to us those formed in past time. Such agencies are in 
part mechanical, in part chemical, and a union of the two. Of 
the second, is the formation of ore deposits. The forces effect- 
ing the decomposition, solution and subsequent precipitation 
of ores are purely chemical, galvanic and electrolytic action 
are the attendants of, or generated by, the action of such 
forces, and frequently demonstrate their presence through the 
occurrence in ore deposits of metallic elements of such nature 
that their affinity for non-metallic elements, would in a few 
daysor weeks effect their transference into ores. Such influ- 
ences are those which govern the action of those of na- 
ture's forces, which are now, and always have been actively en- 
gaged effecting alterations, and a consequent change of form 
in each and every substance in or upon the earth. To the 
continuous action of these forces, exerting themselves through 
long geological ages, are due the gathering together of widely 
separated atoms of ore, and the deposition of such atoms into 
deposits of workable extent. The primary condition of the 
individual ore atom may have been in the liquid, gaseous or 
solid form ; its position as regards other forms of matter, may 
have been as the constituent part of an earth, a rock, a tree or 
a shrub. And its separation (from either the one or the other 
of these forms of matter) was affected through a partial or 
complete decomposition of the original containing substance ; 
this separation may have been effected by mechanical or by 
chemical means, and it is with the latter that we, as prospectors, 
have to do. In all the various forms of seeming destruction 
every day seen there is no destruction of matter. Man can 
neither create or destroy a single atom of matter ; the atoms 
have existed since the beginning, and to their existence there 
will be no end. * Each and every substance, both organic and 
inorganic, upon the face of the earth, or within it, owes its 
existence to, if a compound body, the union in varying pro- 
portions of two or more elementary forms of matter whose 
s election and association was effected and governed by what 



32 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

is termed chemical affinity. This affinity, however strong it 
may be, is much affected by various extraneous influences, 
as the approach " under certain circumstances " of other ele- 
ments, or compounds of such, or the presentation to these com- 
pounds, of some liquid or gaseous menstruum, having an 
affinity for one or more elements, of one or both compoudd 
bodies, such, serves to destroy the stability of the compound 
bodies, through the unlocking or freeing of one or more ele- 
ments, and the consequent dissolution of the original com- 
pounds ; this dissolution is " usually " complete, and from it 
are determined a new series of simple or compound bodies, 
which, though differing in all respects from the first series, 
are composed of the elements (united in varying proportions 
and manner) which once formed the first. Such new compounds 
of the elementary atoms of matter or as stable and definite 
as the original ; yet will, under like attending circumstances, 
suffer dissolution to give origin to other differing forms of mat- 
ter. So it will be seen that in nature there is no rest, neither 
is there anything that was created in vain; each and every 
thing in nature has its use, and the existence of each and 
every other atom of matter is a potent factor in the existence 
in each and every other. It should not be supposed that the 
ceaseless changes and mutations which affect the earth and all 
upon it, take place promiscuously or by chance, for the laws 
governing these changes are as definite and immutably fixed as 
those which govern the motions of the planets through space. 
As the planets in their motions, so these changes in theirs. 
The ending of each is where the beginning was, as a circle — 
there is no end. Countless ages have elapsed since this cease- 
less activity of nature's forces began in obedience to the Di- 
vine Maker's will. Ages must elapse ere His will kas been ful- 
filled. Ages on ages have passed away since nature's forces 
began the gathering together of the various kinds of ores, 
and the placing of them, atom by atom, in the receptacles 
from which man now obtains the means, the possession of 
which enables him to advance toward a higher plane of life 
and intellectuality. Slowly but surely the obscurity which 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 33 

shrouds nature's works is being dispelled. The students delv- 
ing into the archives of nature's laboratory are acquiring one 
by one the secrets of her processes. This progress is daily 
being manifested in the wondrous achievements of inventive 
genius, whose seemingly most visionary dreamings are being 
embodied in tangible form. The forked fires which gleam and 
flash through the murkiness of an overcast sky, is the visible 
evidence of the existence of a key through the use of which 
there will be opened up to mankind untold wealth, and the 
means to utilize it. 

The formation of deposits of ores or other substances, then 
has in each a direct reference to man, his needs and necessi- 
ties. They are the product of long-continued action of various 
forces ; the action of which is restricted to the attainment of 
a given end, in a given manner, for a purpose conceived before 
the world was. The directive agency of these forces is God. 
The object of their being is the continuance of man, to whom 
they give body, afford sustenance and the origin of his ideas. 
They being the media through which the creator imparts 
knowledge to man, directing him to each provision devised for 
the continuance of his existence, in such times, as each, be- 
comes essential to the attainment of that end. In some future 
cycle of time, those things we, in our ignorance, cast aside, 
will be found essential factors in the existence of life. The 
time is now at hand when the exigencies of life in its present 
status demands heretofore unknown resources for its harmo- 
nious continuance. Such resources have been made known. 
Electric force, the key to them, is in our hands. 

ORE DEPOSITS. 

ZINC ORES. 

Ore-Bearing Strata. — The great zinc ore- bearing strata of 
this region, and the source from which all other occurring de- 
posits derived their containditure of zinc ores, is that numbered 
(5) of the stratigraphical chart. The geological horizon of the 
strata, is constant throughout the region; seeming variations of 

R— 3 



34 NATURAL^RESOURCES OF 

level attend its course, but are in all instances such, only ap- 
parently, they being due to and originating in the presence or 
absence of associate overlying stratas, and the comparative 
rapidity of the ascent of the valley, as its head or upper ter- 
minal is approached. 

This strata is easily recognized by the occurrence " on 
weathered surfaces" of small aggregations of tiny limpid quartz 
crystals, which more or less abundantly stud the rock, project- 
ing a line or two above its surface. In color, the rock is, on 
exposed surfaces, dull bluish-gray ; on freshly-broken surfaces, 
is dark gray to yellowish gray. The presence of minute quartz 
crystals gives a glistening-like look to the rock. It is very 
hard, brittle, compact and close-grained in texture, and of sub- 
conchoidal fracture. A peculiar and unpleasant odor is evolved 
by the rock when rapidly struck with a hammer. 

Chemical Composition. — The chemical composition of this 
rock, in so far as relates to its component parts, is constant, 
but variations of greater or lesser degree are manifested in the 
quantity of each constituent part present, and the proportion 
such quantity bears to that of the combined mass of the others. 
This variation is evinced in a characteristic manner in the clay 
beds, which result from the decomposition of the strata; and 
the degree of resistance offered to the destructive action of 
atmospheric agencies by top and bottom of the same exposure, 
or adjoining portions of the same strata. The following 

Analyses of Dolomite {so-called). 
(No. 34.) (32.) (1.) (2.) 

State Geol. Rep., D. D. Owen. Elderhorst Chemist., W. Albert Chapman. 

Silica vrth trace of clay. . . 3.191 .. .insoluble 6.707. silica .. 10.00 10.25 

Alumina with trace of iron, 3.023 ... aluminaii.25 9.20 

Carbonate of lime 50.041 53-998 45-5° 45.00 

Carbonate of magnesia . . . 42.3 17 35-059 34 <2 5 36.00 

Carbonate of zinc J^o '-978 oxide zinc. 1.00 

Potash with trace of soda. 0.435. carb. iron. 2 - 2 53 0.55 

Moisture 0.128. .. . potash 0.106. ... .... 0.25 sulphur. . . 0.33 

Partially Illustrate Variance of Composition. — The samples 
Nos. 34 and 32 were selected by Prof. Elderhorst, the one from 



BOONE AND MAEUON COUNTIES. 35 

a Marion County zinc mine, the other, from a Lawrence County 
mine. No. I, a yellowish colored sample, from upper side of 
strata, and No. 2, a hydrated sample, from the lower part of 
same strata. The greater part of the stratas of this system con- 
tain in varying proportions certain constituents, more or less 
perfectly soluble in carbonated waters, the action of which, 
opens the way to the mechanical forms of energy " in rock dis- 
integration " as existent in heat, cold and moisture. In no 
member of the strata, is this disintegration or breaking down 
of the rock more rapid, radical or completely effected than in 
this ore-bearing strata. The manner of the destruction and 
the character of the products of such destruction, are deter- 
mined by the materials entering into its structure, the manner 
of association, position and situation. Where the rock is bar- 
ren, the dissolution of the rock is comparatively slow and ir- 
regular, an is manifested in the formation of fissures, filled in 
with sand and clay, and the separation of large massive bould- 
ers from the parent strata. The clays originating from this 
source contain such quantity of quartz crystals that in the sun- 
light the eye is attracted by their sparkle. This soil, is not 
productive, and yields support to but few forms of vegetation. 
In immediate contact with sulphide of zinc, the action of dis- 
solution is energetic and reciprocal, the rock being transformed 
into red clay and the ore bodies become deeply and more or 
less completely eroded. Often where such body was silicious 
a skeleton of silica only remains. Where this process begins 
and is confined to a small cavity, carbonate of zinc forms, zinc 
and iron sulphates saturate the clay and penetrate the rock 
to greater depth. Should the body of ore have been exten- 
sive, the ruin and wreckage of the veinstone or strata is 
widespread. The limits are in general well defined by the pro- 
trusion from the clay bed of irregular boulders and masses of 
rock, which unmistakably show evidence of the action of cor- 
rosive matter. Frequently quantities of the ore have escaped 
complete solution and remain in situ, giving origin to ore de- 
posits inclosed in a matrix of clay. The changes begun in 
the dissolution of the rock do not culminate in the actual de- 



36 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

struction of the rock, but find further expression in a more or 
less perfect transposition of the silicious matter to the lower 
part of the bed, the ores and clays forming the upper portion. 
It is difficult to understand by what means and in what man- 
ner this result is attained, unless it be effected by rains and 
melting snow. The oxide of iron, once a constituent of the 
rock, unites, forming deposits of hematite. These are some- 
times of such apparent extent as to lead to the assumption of 
this being adequate to the demands of a furnace. Those por- 
tions of the rock which embraced quartz in massive, divergent 
or other forms, have on their removal left intact silicious skel- 
etons of peculiar shape and of the most exquisite fashioning. 
These and the iron ores invariably mark the soil in which zinc 
ores are or were present, and as surface indications are hardly 
inferior to the surface presence of the ore itself. Deposits so 
occurring are easily and cheaply explored. The ores are 
marketable in the forms removed. 

GEOLOGY. 

For long geological ages after the earth had acquired form,, 
nature's forces were in active operation, then, as now, in re- 
modeling the earth and preparing it for the advent of man. 
Each progressive stage had origin in periods of sudden and 
violent acts, succeeded by periods of comparative quiet, ex- 
tended over regions of greater or lesser extent, and through 
varying durations of time. Such periods were of alternate 
occurrence as regards place, but never, at any time, universal 
in act. The forces which affected alterations in the character 
of the first epoch, also modified the results and evidences of 
those of the geological disturbances due to the succeeding 
epoch. The frequent repetition of such periods, each being 
in a marked manner radically changed by that succeeding, 
thereby characterizing each period of geological disturbance 
in such way that each in some respect differs from any and alL 
others. It is upon the observation of the results of such oc- 
currences, the world over, that the science of geology rests. 
The science, is but the result of observations of thousands of 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 37 

men delving in mines, on the mountain tops, the basins of val- 
ieys and the bottoms of the sea. Each of the thousands con- 
tributed his mite of experience and the whole elucidated by 
laws deduced from long continous observations of the mani- 
festations of nature's forces, harmoniously interwoven from the 
science of geology. 

GEOLOGY OF THE REGION. 

The geological formation of this region had its origin in a 
quiescent period, and was formed upon the bottom of an ocean, 
from the water of which, subsided the material entering into 
the structure of the rocks. Each strata, forms a record of the 
continuance of certain acts governing its formation for a cer- 
tain period of time, each variation in strata, being due to some 
disturbance of the order of things, as existent in the formation 
of the preceding strata. The rock forming period of each 
system of rocks of sedimentary origin, was brought to a close 
on the subsidence of the overlaying sea, or the elevation of 
the land by subterranean forces, and is outlined in the thick- 
ness of the mass. The variation in kind, in strata is resultant 
from the character of rock, the disintegration of which af- 
forded the material of the structure of the second, and the 
manner of introduction and mode of subsidence. 

The geological formation of this region is, so far as examined 
by the writer, that of the lower silurian period, overlaid in 
certain localities by members of the subcarboniferous period. 
No evidences of the action of volcanic agencies are anywhere 
observable throughout the region, " other than an almost im- 
perceptible inclination of the stratas to the southeastward, 
where they pass under rocks of the devonian period." The 
exposures of the silurian rocks are, in major part, magnesian 
limestones, varying quite materially in structure and composi- 
tion, and arranged in horizontal beds or layers, which vary in 
thickness from that of a few inches to that of fifty feet or 
more. In texture the strata are porous to compact, and sub- 
crystalline. In hardness the variation is no less great, some 
varieties being soft and chalky-like, others like indurated 



38 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

quartzite, while others resemble flint, and locally are so called. 
Members are not wanting in which cleavage lines are present. 
The fracture, is in general, however, irregular to sub-conchoidal. 
While the stratas are essentially magnesian limestone, the char- 
acter of each strata is modified by the presence of varying 
proportions of silica and alumina, and the preponderance of 
either lime or magnesia, in each. In a sequential series of 
stratas, in an exposure of 250 to 300 feet, the following rocks 
may be observed : A silicious argillacious limestone, a sili- 
cious magnesian limestone, an argillacious magnesian lime- 
stone, a silicious argillacious magnesian limestone, (dolomite) 
limestone, magnesium limestone, sandstone and buhrstone. 
The overlaying members of the subcarboniferous formation, 
" where present," consist of compact subcrystalline limestone, 
both sparry and crinoidal, with inter-stratifications of calcari- 
ous sandstones. The series approximates seventy feet in 
thickness, and is overlaid in some localities by chert, which is 
probably resultant from the decomposition of the buhrstone 
strata, remaining masses of which are here and there seen. 
The aggregate thickness of the exposures is that of the eleva- 
tion of the hills composed of them, and ranges from an alti- 
tude of 75 feet to that of 500 feet. The height of the hills is 
dependent upon the number of the uppermost strata removed 
by erosion. Within the mass, which is referable to the Cana- 
dian period, and the equivalent of the calciferous sand rock of 
the New York system, sandstone strata of varying thicknesses 
occur as interstratifications, at various elevations in the moun- 
tain mass, of which the following list shows the order of se- 
quence from the base upward : 

First, base of most exposures, a thin bedded-magnesian 
limestone ; 2d, compact grey magnesian limestone ; 3d, thin- 
bedded shaly magnesian limestone ; 4th, compact, grey 
magnesian limestone; 5 tn > S1X to eight inch beds of light 
grey limestone; 6th, bluish, compact limestone ; 7th, silicious 
argillcious, magnesian limestone (dolomite) ; 8th, variegated, 
yellowish grey magnesian limestone ; 9th, cotton rock (lime- 
stone); ioth, variegated, bluish grey magnesian limestone ; 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 39 

nth, calcarious sandstone ; 12th, salicious compact limestone; 
13th, magnesian limestone; 14th, bird's-eye limestone; 15th, 
compact sparry limestone ; 16th, thin-bedded, decomposable 
magnesian limestone ; 17th, soft, friable coarse-grained sand- 
stone ; 18th, salicious limestone ; 19th, white saccharoidal sand- 
stone ; 20th, shaly thin-bedded encrinital marble; 2 1st, cal- 
ciferous sandstone ; 22d, compact sparry marble ; 23d, grey 
encrinital marble ; 24th, red, pink and variegated marbles ; 
25th, thin bedded limestone ; 26th, chert. The primitive hori- 
zontal position of the stratas is constant. Such alterations as 
has been effected in the formations are due to causes the ac- 
tion of which, began in the emergence of the formation from 
the waters of the sea. The character of each strata of the 
formation, is dependent upon that of the more ancient rock, 
the decomposition of which afforded the material entering into 
its structure and the manner in which such matter was de- 
posited. 

TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES. 

Deep, narrow, tortuous valleys wind between long oval 
ridges and dome-shaped hills, the trend of which is north- 
easterly. Bluffs and precipices form the terminus of many of 
tjhe outlying ridges ; others recede from the mountain ridge 
to the valleys by gradual and easy descent. The summits of 
the ridges are often contracted and narrow and again widen 
out into parks of many thousand acres in extent ; in general, 
rolling, sometimes level. Here is seen basin-like depressions, 
often many feet in extent, into which the surface waters 
gather to find entrance into subterranean passages below. Now 
and then irregular pits with precipitious sides, occur, where the 
surface strata has sunk into an underlying cavern. Border- 
ing on each stream and valley strata are seen in tilted posi- 
tion, effected by the subsidence of the superincumbent mass 
of undermined strata, the line of fracture and separation 
being outlined by a slight depression and the presence of rock 
tilted at various angles. These effects, and others, at times 
observable, are alike, the result of the erosive action of water. 



40 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

Caverns and crevices are quite common throughout the re- 
gion. From the easily decomposable strata, various other 
rocks are formed and occur, filling in caves, crevices, sinks 
and faults. Among these secondary products resulting from 
the disintegration of the primitive strata, there are seen soft 
pulverent sandstones, quartz, quartzite, calcite, satin spar, 
onyx, alabaster, clays, ochers, iron, lead and zinc ores, some- 
times occurring massive, at others crystallized. That the al- 
terations everywhere observable in the exposed stratas are 
due to aqueous and atmospheric agencies, will readily be con- 
ceded after an examination ; the more so as the process con- 
tinues, and is in places, open to inspection. Water, be it re- 
membered, comes nearer being the universal solvent (sought 
for by the alchemists) than any other known substance, and 
when an agent having such solvent powers acquires an addi- 
tional increment by filtering through soft easily decomposable 
carbonacious substances, its erosive powers, as regards rocks, 
becomes almost irresistible as the more soluble constituent 
parts of the rock is dissolved and leached out, and under at- 
mospheric action, the remainder is speedily disintegrated and 
passes into soil. Various, if not all ores, are affected by this 
in the same manner. 

CHEMICAL ACTION. 

An intricate and exceedingly complex series of chemical 
actions are engendered in the changes which intervene between 
the dissolution of the ore-yielding strata and the final comple- 
tion of the secondary products resulting therefrom. In one 
direction such action has culmination in the disintegration of 
the ore-yielding strata, and the production of surface deposits 
of ores, but in the other no culmination of force is manifested, 
the line of direction of energy, is fairly well defined by the oc- 
currence on the way, of crystallized calcite, quartz, carbonates 
of zinc, of copper, sulphides of iron and copper, formed and 
forming, dropped as burdens by the wayside from surcharged 
or saturated solutions, which are eventually discharged of their 
mineral contents, to the building up of a deposit of some one 



BOONE AND MARION COUUTIES. 41 

or other of the above named minerals. Chemical affinity, a 
potent factor in such processes, while always existent, remains 
dormant until a means offers whereby a certain latitude of 
movement is permitted atoms or molecules of matter. Such 
means is had in the solvent powers of carbonated waters, 
which through chemical change when in contact with sulphide 
of zinc or iron, parts with the carbonic acid and becomes im- 
pregnated with sulphuric acid. Solutions of potash also have 
being and action in these changes, and effect the solution of 
silicates. Some few organic acids have part in some one or 
other of the many actions, such being perhaps restricted to a 
limitation of the action of others. Electro-galvanic forces are 
the directive agencies of each successive act. Exceptions to 
this may be taken by some, but the author, by means of seve- 
ral pairs of simple elements, variously arranged and buried in 
moist situations in ore deposits, had ample and satisfactory 
evidence of the generation of such force. The results of such 
experiments are likewise demonstrated in nature, by the occur- 
rence of small pieces of metallic lead, zinc, antimony, copper 
and iron, in surface ore deposits, sometimes in ore bins and 
dumps. The occurrence of such metals, prone as they are to 
rapid oxidation, in association with corrosive matters, admits 
of no explanation on other basis. 

RECEPTACLES OF ORES. 

That one ore deposit might be formed from the destruction 
of another presupposes the entrance of solutions of metals into 
a receptacle capable of retaining such solutions until the min- 
eral matter crystallizes out; or, possessed of active associate 
agencies, which on the incoming of the solution speedily effect 
such separation through a precipitation of the mineral matters. 
Receptacles of such nature are common throughout the mag- 
nesian limestone formation, and occur at all elevations, of all 
sizes, and of all forms. They are the caverns, crevices and 
fissures, which penetrate and ramify in all directions the rocks 
of this system. They are resultant from chemical and me- 
chanical action of aqueous agencies. Necessarily it follows 



42 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 



that from the character of the source of supply of material, 
the nature of the subsequent changes, the irregularity in form 
of the final receptacle, origin must needs be given to deposits 
of equal irregularity of form and position, in which the intro- 
duced minerals can be no less variously associated, nor accor- 
dant in kind. The contents of some of these openings are 
onyx and alabaster, the receptacles being situated above the 
ore-bearing strata, or in localities from which such strata are 
absent. Others again are filled in with clays, sandstone, brec- 
ciated rock, tufacious limestone, quartz, calcite, calcarious 
spar. Of such materials one or the other may preponderate ; 
all may occur, bedded, stalactitic, cemented, or loose and 
massive. Such may be barren of ores; or may form the mat- 
rix of ores of zinc, copper and iron, which may exist as car- 
bonates, silicates, sulphides or oxides. Ore alone may fill the 
cavity, one variety of ore being the matrix of another. The 
mass may be crystalline or semi-crystalline in texture. What^ 
ever its characteristics, it will materially differ from those of 
any stratified rock. The deposits may be small, or may ex- 
tend for miles, in any direction, with numerous ramifications 
along its course, and to unknown depths. The process of 
formation of these deposits is in some localities open to inspec- 
tion. The surface waters, percolating through soft calcarious 
strata, become saturated with carbonic acid and of lime. These, 
when sulphide of zinc is encountered, are in part deposited, 
and the solution becomes that of sulphuric acid, to which the 
ores and rocks speedily yield. Stalactites, beds and crevices 
are formed, and filled with the ores or material held in solution. 
Alkaline solutions effect the solution of the silica. Whether 
the solution be alkaline or acid the final process is the same. 
The mineral matters either crystallize out from the solution, or 
are precipitated in massive form by other agencies of stronger 
affinity. The various forms of deposits resulting from these 
causes are readily grouped. 

First, as well-defined stratas, or blanket-form veins. 
Second, as secondary irregular forms, of unknown extent. 
Third, as inclined beds or strata. 






BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 43 

There are no defined " true fissure veins," and so far as re- 
lates to the successful mining of zinc ores it is well there are 
not, for in no part of the world are such vein systems profita- 
bly worked if mined only for the zinc ores. The form of de- 
posits as here seen are the only kind from which zinc ore can 
be profitably extracted, unless that of other forms of deposits 
contain certain quantities of gold or silver. 

The deposits of the first class are found varying in thickness 
from a few inches to ten feet or more. The gangue, is usually 
limestone, and is easily crushed. Much of the ore " ready for 
shipment, in the form extracted," can usually be worked as a 
quarry, or by drifts. The deposits of the second class occur 
filling caves, crevices, and chimneys, and are often of great ex- 
tent, two or more chambers filled with ores being contiguous 
and connected by lines of calc spar or ore, which may serve as 
a guide from chamber to chamber. The ores, of this class of 
deposits, may be found disseminated in a gangue of calc spar, 
dolomite, a silacious limestone, or free of such, mixed me- 
chanically with clay. No regular method of mining can be 
pursued in working, as the tunnels and drifts must follow the 
pointers. 

The deposits of the third class are those which occur in the 
fissures opened through the rupturing of the strata in a merely 
local faulting caused by the breaking off or subsidence of an 
undermined portion of the mountain. The greater pare of 
the ores found in deposits of this form are free from gangue 
stone, being inclosed in clay. Sometime the ore is found in 
matrix of silica or limestone. This form of deposit is often of 
great richness in ore, as the ore has penetrated to the extreme 
end of the inclined stratum, even, sometimes replacing missing 
strata. These ores can be cheaply extracted through shaft 
and inclines. These classes are distinct in themselves, and 
occur on some properties in the region in such intimate asso- 
ciation as to appear as one. Although the surface ores from 
many of the different zinc deposits in the region, have been 
found that were contaminated with lead, arsenic, iron, and 



44 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

copper, they are not common ; and as depth has been attained 
in working these deposits the increment of such in the ores has 
been found to rapidly decrease. The blends from a few of the 
deposits are cupriferous, carrying from 0.25 to 0.4 per cent, of 
copper. Others cadmiferous, yielding one to three per cent, of 
cadmium. Others, ferriferous, containing one to eight per cent, 
of iron. The purity and consequent superiority of Arkansas 
zinc ores as " compared with those of other regions of the 
United States, and of foreign countries " is demonstrated by 
even a casual comparison of the results of various analyses of 
samples of ores common to each. 

An example of the class, where occurring upon the surface, 
is seen in the Full Moon mine. Here the vein-stone has 
been entirely broken up and given place to a strata of clay 
from which masses, often of tons in weight, put out of the 
ground over an area of some four acres on the summit of the 
hill. Fifty or more tons of choice ore has been removed, 
making but little impression on the quantity exposed. In 
the lower workings, ore also occurs in a vein-stone of lime- 
stone. 

The Big Buffalo mine is a fine example of the first class of 
deposits. Openings have been made at numerous points, 
which, together with the natural exposures, reveal the largest 
deposit of zinc ore in blanket form yet discovered. Both 
these mines, occur in the Jimmy Creek region. 

The Morning Star mine on Rush Creek, is an example of 
the second class of deposits. Here exposed to view, in a face 
some forty feet by one hundred or more feet, are tons of 
crystallized and massive carbonate and silicates of zinc, veins 
of blend and associations of all. The Leader, of Clabber Creek, 
and the Crown Point mines also, are examples of this class. 

The Grey Eagle mine of Rush Creek, is an example of the 
third class of deposits. Here a missing strata was replaced 
by one of blend. These are all mines, and have paid and will 
continue to pay to work. 

The greater part of the ores from the first, third, fourth, fifth 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 45 

and sixth named, was ready for market as removed, requiring 
neither crushing nor jigging, and in the second named much 
free ore exists. These properties are mentioned by name 
merely as being typical of kind. Numerous properties have 
ores of equal quality and give promise of equal extent. 

SHIPMENTS. 

Hundreds of tons of ore have been shipped from four or five 
mines in the region at various times, and was sold in market at 
$18 to $27 per ton of 2O0O pounds. 

The cost of mining as given by the managers of different 
mining properties is as follows : 

The Markle mine ... $3 50 per ton, 30 tons of ore sold at $27 00 per ton. 

The South Star 2 50 " " 25 " " " 2600 " 

The Leader 600 " "150 " " " 2400 " 

The Morning Star mine. .. . 3 00 " " 500 " '* " 23 00 " 

The Grey Eagle 275 " " 200 " " " 26 00 " 

Xhe Full Moon mine 75 " " 60 " " " ..... " 

Such figures include dead and preliminary work of first de- 
velopment of property. The ores can now be removed from 
several of the properties named at a cost of .20 to 1.50 per ton. 

COST OF TRANSPORTATION 

as given by shippers of ores : 

From Leader, Grey Eagle or Morning Star $4 75 per ton 

From Shoney mines, Markles, South Star and others 5 50 " 

Since which shipment rates have been materially decreased, 
and it is now estimated that the cost of shipment will not ex- 
ceed $4.25 per ton to St. Louis, from any point on river bank. 
For above figures my thanks are due Mr. E. V. M. Powell, 
former superintendent of Leader mine, Mr. Jos. Barnes, of 
Markle mine, and Mr. J. H. Blake, of Grey Eagle mine and 
others. The magnesian limestones of the lower silurian for- 
mation is par excellence that richest in zinc ores. 

LEAD ORE DEPOSITS 

Galenas occur in quantity, as large cubical crystals, loose in 
the surface clays, over extensive areas ; also in crystalline form 



46 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 






in a white magnesian limestone strata above the zinc-bearing 
dolomite. The most productive region, is that traversed by 
Sugar Loaf, Sugar Orchards, Sisters, Music and Jimmy's 
Creeks, and their numerous tributary streams. 

In the Short Mountain range, the galena occurs in members 
of the subcarboniferous formation. Clay openings abound in 
which the ore is found mechanically mixed. The ores are 
also found traversing seams, fissures, and other openings in 
the rock. It is found in sheets, layers, stringers, massive 
boulders and minute crystals. The workings in no case 
exceed 60 feet in depth. Hundreds of thousands of pounds 
of lead have been raised here, and no locality offers better as- 
surance of profit to the lead miner than does this region. In 
smelting, the ore yields 68 to 75 per cent, metallic lead ; no 
more needs being said of quality, and the amount in sight and 
manner of occurrence gives assurance of quantity. In the 
mining but little powder is used, the deposits being workable 
with pick and shovel. No jigging or crushing is required, and 
a local market offers. 

ALUMINUM. 

Genesis, Uses, Economic Importance. — It would seem as 
though each cycle of time is marked by the use of some one 
metal to such a predominating extent as to stamp its name 
upon the age in which its use reaches the greatest perfection. 

The adaptability of a metal to the requirements of a peo- 
ple, depends upon its characteristics and the perfection with 
which it meets the efforts made to fashion it into such articles 
of utility as the progress in ideas of the people has been able 
to devise. This adaptability of a metal to the use of a peo- 
ple and the degree of perfection attained by them in its ap- 
plication to such articles as they deem essential to their well- 
being, is in keeping the one with the other, or are in fact 
synonymous with advancement. Each stage of progression 
attained in civilization by a people, has been followed by a 
corresponding advance in their demands upon nature for the 
material with which to satisfy their increased needs. So also, 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 47 

as the limit in the adaptability of a metal to their uses is 
reached, its use is suppressed by some other having a wider 
range of possible utility and characteristics more in keeping 
with the then advanced state of ideas. This has been so 
marked in the history of the world that various periods are 
designated by the metal, or its substitute, in the manufacture of 
which the}^ then excelled. Thus stone and bronze marked 
each a period of the past, and iron soon will, within the century, 
mark another, for we stand upon the threshold of another age, 
coming through the setting aside of iron by a metal that ex- 
cels it in abundance, and in such qualities as has given value 
to it. 

When we pause and consider the progress made by the 
human race in civilization through the degree of perfection 
attained by it in the use of iron, we can but wonder as to what 
is in the future (in the way of progress through the use of the 
wonderful metal, aluminum). 

Excelling each and all metals in those features which cause 
them to be valued, and having the most desirable of these 
united within itself, its applicability to the arts of life becomes 
evident, through the limitless range of its possible use, due to 
the peculiarities of the nature of the metal, the inventor will 
be enabled to embody many of his now seemingly visionary 
ideas into tangible forms. 

This wonderful metal was first obtained by Wohler, " a 
celebrated German chemist," about seventy years ago, in minute 
globules, at a fabulous cost. For many years the metal was 
seen only in the laboratory of the chemist, and was regarded 
merely as a curiosity. In 1855, DeVille, a French chemist, 
succeeded in obtaining it in such quantity as permitted the 
determination of its characteristics, which, when known, 
crowned it the king of metals. These characteristics are so 
numerous, so wondrous and so peculiar, that none can fore- 
tell the progress of the arts, or the startling innovations which 
will mark its use in the mechanical industries. 

Characteristics. — Bulk for bulk, it exceeds the weight of 
water but two and a half times. As white as silver, it is as 



48 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

lustrous, and is susceptible to as fine a polish. Neither air nor 
moisture rusts or corrodes it. It is as untarnishable as gold, 
and more malleable than gold, silver, copper or lead. It may- 
be hammered into leaves thiner than gold leaf, and drawn 
into wire so fine as to be almost invisible to the eye: It is 
softer than lead, and may be tempered to the hardness of 
steel. It is a better conductor of electricity than copper, and 
more sonorous than any other metal. It does not crystalize 
under blows nor through vibration. Its tensile strength is 
greater than that of iron or steel. It seemingly has the power 
of forming alloys with all other metals. Its melting point is 
intermediate between that of zinc and lead, but nearer to the 
former. It may be cast with the greatest ease, and is best 
melted without fluxing. It is slightly magnetic. Sulphuretted 
hydrogen has no effect upon it. Neither concentrated nor 
dilute nitric acid (if cold) act upon it ; nor does dilute sul- 
phuric acid affect it. (Its proper solvent is hydrochloric acid.) 
Vegetable acids do not change it. It is not found native in 
the metallic form. 

Alloys of Commercial Importance. — With tin and zinc, brit- 
tle and easily fusible alloys are formed. With cadmium, it 
yields a malleable alloy. With a small proportion of silver, 
the malleability of aluminum is completely destroyed. An 
alloy containing 3 per cent, of silver is adapted to casting or- 
namental articles, and an alloy containing 5 per cent, is used 
for knife blades. With iron, aluminum unites in all propor- 
tions, affording hard, brittle alloys, and those of surprising 
strength and tenacity. With copper, a series of beautiful and 
valuable alloys are formed. Ten parts aluminum and ninety 
parts of copper, affords a hard, golden-colored bronze, having 
the tenacity of steel and the malleability of copper. In all 
cases the addition of aluminum increases the fluidity of molten 
metals, and lowers their fusing points. When aluminum is 
fused with boracic acid, at a high temperature, the boron sep- 
arates in transparent red or yellow crystals, which in lustre, 
refractive power, and hardness, rival the diamond. 

This metal possesses all of the desirable features of all other 






BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 49 

metals, and none of their defects; and while many of its valu- 
able attributes have been recited, they form but a portion of 
those possessed, and serve to indicate fairly well the varied 
uses and the marked innovations which will attend its common 
use. 

Uses. — The manufacture of optical instruments, soldiers' 
accoutrements, medals, coins, and culinary utensils. In the 
manufacture of all articles demanding lightness combined with 
strength, to which iron and steel are now applied. In the 
manufacture of all such articles as are now made of tin, tin- 
plate, pewter, brass, copper, zinc or lead. To the construc- 
tion of bridges, houses and ships, and to that of many things 
now made of wood. In the founding of metals, etc., etc., and 
the making of alloys, the use of which is no less important. 
Aluminum bronze, above described, tested by the war depart- 
ment at the Watertown arsenal, was reported as having a tensile 
■ strength of 72,000 pounds per square of cross section, and an 
elastic limit of 33,000 pounds without permanent set. An alloy, 
3! per cent, of aluminum, 33J per cent, of zinc and copper, 
showed a tensile strength of 82,500 pounds and an elastic limit 
of 65,000. An alloy composed of aluminum and small quan- 
tities of nickel and copper, possessed a tensile strength of 
111,000 pounds. The addition in small quantity of aluminum 
nickel alloy composite lowers the melting point of German 
silver, bronze or brass, and yields bright, sharp castings. The 
addition of aluminum nickel alloy, in minute quantity, to a 
crucible of wrought iron or steel, increases the fluidity, and 
affords good sound malleable castings, devoid of air-holes or 
sponginess. Country shops and small foundries can now, by 
means of these alloys, make their own castings, as the heat 
required is of easy attainment, and metal scrap everywhere 
abounds. Aluminum, 97J per cent, pure, is now offered by a 
Kentucky firm, in 100-pound lots, at 60c. per pound. It is 
only a question of time when it will be offered at 20c. per pound. 
When such point is reached, numbers of new industries will 
spring into being, greatly to the advantage of mankind. 

Ores and Source of Supply. — Among the ores of aluminum 



50 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

(but not so used) occur a number of beautiful gems. The ruby, 
the emerald, the sapphire, and the topaz, are silicates of alum- 
inum, as is also corundum and emory. All clays, contain this 
metal, as do many rocks. One-fifth of the earth's crust is sup- 
posed to contain aluminum. Until quite recently the source 
of the commercial supply of metal was derived from cryolite, 
"a fluoride of aluminum and sodium," a mineral found in worka- 
ble quantity, near the coast of Greenland, where it can be mined 
but three months of the year. Vessels engaged in its freightage 
can accomplish but one trip each season. This inaccessability 
of cryolite, quite materially enhances the value of the vast de- 
posits of bauxite " discovered by Dr. J. C. Branner, State Ge- 
ologist," near Little Rock. The limited areas of the deposits, 
known in Georgia and Alabama, coupled with the fact that as 
yet no other deposits of this ore has been discovered in the 
United States, still further intensifies the importance of Dr. 
Branner's discovery, as, through the presence of these deposits, 
and those of choice high-grade kaolins, "also an ore," it is 
possible and probable that Arkansas will become the chief 
center of the aluminum industry, and those dependent upon it. 

DESCRIPTION OF THE ORES OF ALUMINUM. 

Topaz. — Colorless, white, blue and pink; fracture, basil; 
lustre, vitreous ; hardness, 8 ; specific gravity, 3.5 ; composition, 
a fluor of aluminum. 

Such description will be confined to those substances which 
are worked as ores. Cryolite (a fluoride of sodium and aluminum), 
color, white to black ; clearage, basil, perfect; lustre, vitreous; 
hardness, 2.5 ; specific gravity, 3; fusible in the flame of a can- 
dle. Remarks — A highly valued source of aluminum and soda. 

Bauxite. — Color, white, brown, red ; lustre, dull ; soft ; specific 
gravity, 2.55 ; viscular, spongy like. 

Analyses — Dr. J. C. Branner {Official Report). 

(No. 1.) (No. 2.) (No. 3.) 

Silica 13.13 per cent 3.34 per cent 11.48 per cent. 

Aluminum 55.54 " " 58.60 " " 37.62 " " 

Iron oxide (ferric) . . 6.08 " " 9.1 1 " " 1.83 " " 

Water 28.99 " " z8 - 6 3 " " 28<6 3 " " 



BOONK AND MARION COUNTIES. 5 I 

Remarks — Of vast commercial importance as a source of al- 
uminum, alloys, alumn, alumnite of soda, and other salts of 
vital importance to medicine, and the dyer of clothes, fire brick, 
and furnace linings. 

KAOLIN. 

Kaolin. — Color, white, grey and brown, lustre, pearly ; hard- 
ness, I ; specific gravity, 2.5 ; compact, fracture; subconchoidal. 

Analysis — Dr. J. C. Branner. — Silica, 48.87 per cent.; alum- 
ina, 36.54 per cent.; iron (ferric oxide), 0.98 ; lime, O.19; mag- 
nesia, 0.25 ; water, 13.29. Total, 100. 

Remarks. — While not so good as the preceeding, as an ore, 
it is one of the most valuable. It is the material of the por- 
celain manufacturer, and a valued source of refractory brick 
and furnace linings. 

Smelting. — The rapid advancement in metallurgical methods 
has been productive of unexpected but important results. It 
is now possible to produce aluminum alloys in a plant as simple 
and inexpensive as that of a small foundry. The requisite 
knowledge is easily attained and applied. No field of invest- 
ment offers greater safety or profits. Small electric plants 
now reduce aluminum from its ores with facility, and as the 
product lowers in price the demand increases. 

Asphaltum — (Bitumen). The occurrence of this mineral, on 
Clabber Creek, one mile from the Morning Star mine, is re- 
ported by Mr. E. V. M. Powel. The property is owned by J. 
H. Bethune, et al., of St. Louis. Occurs in liquid form, filling 
cavities in magnesian limestone, in which crystals of bitter 
spar are abundant. 

ANTIMONY — (STIBIUM.) 

Genesis, Ores, Reduction, Uses, Importance. — This metal, 
sometimes found native, is of silvery whiteness, and highly crys- 
talline texture. When broken the exposed surface exhibits 
facets of great beauty. It is hard and extremely brittle, tarnishes 
but little on exposure. Exposed on ignited charcoal to a cur- 
rent of oxygen gas, it burns with great brilliancy, evolving white 
fumes of oxide of antimony. At a temperature of 800 Fahr. 



52 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

it fuses, and at a white heat gives off copious white fumes. If 
removed from the heat it remains fluid for some time, with 
continued evolution of fumes. If when molten it is dropped 
upon a smooth surface from the height of a few inches, it sep- 
arates into numerous globules, which dart off in various direc- 
tions, the line of travel being marked by a whitish trail. Should 
the surface be a sheet of paper, the progression is seen to be a 
series of leaps. The propulsive force is the result of the cool- 
ing of the metal at the point of contact, and the expansion of 
the metal in consequence. The long continued fluidity of the 
metal when in the melted state, the expansion of the metal when 
cooling, whereby the impression of the mould is clearly taken ; 
the hardness an admixture gives other metals, and the in- 
creased fluidity conveyed by it to them, renders it peculiarly 
adapted to the making of alloys, intend for castings. In con- 
sequence it has an industrial and commercial value of no little 
importance. 

In oriental countries, from an early period in the centuries, 
a sulphide of this metal under the name of alkahol, found ex- 
tensive use as a pigment for the eyebrows, the application to 
which, gave an increased brilliancy to the eyes. 

The star-like appearance of the metal when, permitted to cool 
in the crucible, was regarded by the alchemists as being a token 
whereby through its instrumentality they would achieve the 
transmutation of metals, or discover the philosopher's stone. 
In their efforts to acquire these supposed secrets of nature, the 
alchemists discovered several antimonial compounds, and 
seemingly were acquainted with the physiological effects of 
antimonial compounds when taken into the system. The first 
mention of this metal occurs in the writings of Basil Valentine, 
A. D. 1460, since which time it has in some form or other 
formed a commercial commodity. 

Ores. — Several oxides and one sulphide of this metal occur 
in nature and are properly ores of the metal, but because of 
their very limited occurrence they are not so regarded from a 
commercial standpoint. The native sulphide is the source of 
the commercial supply of metal. Of this there are two forms, 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 53 

the one, stibnite, is massive and columnar in structure, the 
other antimonite, is dark in color, rather more fusible, and of a 
plumose structure. Both kinds are fusible in the flame of a 
candle. Heated in closed vessels, the sulphide distils over 
unchanged, and is by this means separated from earthly im- 
purities. The educt is known in commerce as regulus of anti- 
mony. This product has a stellated appearance through the 
interlacing of the long acicular crystals. Bearing in mind what 
has been said, the description of the sulphide will suffice here. 
Stibnite (antimony glance), color, lead to steel grey; streak, 
(i. e., color of mark made on a hard, white surface), lead grey ; 
lustre, metallic ; prismatic and crystalline form ; hardness, 2 ; 
specific gravity, 4.5. 

Antimony occurs also, quite abundantly, as a constituent in 
certain ores of silver, lead, bismuth, nickel, copper, zinc and 
iron. Such ores, while depreciated in value as ores of those 
metals, by its presence, are of such richness in their contain- 
diture of silver as to be regarded and treated as ores of that 
metal. 

Deposits of Antimony occur in Hungary, France, and a few 
other continental localities. In several localities in the United 
States. The largest, most extensive deposits of high-grade 
ore are those of Southwestern Arkansas. 

Reduction, or Metallurgy of Antimony. — The smelting of an- 
timony ores is of extreme simplicity, and does not require the 
expenditure of a fortune in the erection of the smelting plant. 
Wood and charcoal are satisfactory fuels. The furnaces are 
simple in form, inexpensive, and require but little space. 
41 In view of the difficulty of clearly explaining the method of 
construction, without suitable illustrations, such explanations 
will not be attempted." The ores " first reduced to small 
pieces," " where containing silicious or earthly matters," are 
after warming, charged, "the large pieces first," into a crucible 
or vertical retort, through the bottom of which is an opening 
corresponding to a like opening in the floor of the furnace upon 
which the crucible stands. The space under this floor, is a 
chamber, having no communication with the furnace fires. In 



54 



NATURAL RESOURCES OF 



this chamber is placed an earthen vessel to receive the educt 
from the one above. The cover is luted on the upper crucible 
and the furnace fired. A charge of 500 pounds is run off in 
three to four hours with a consumption of twelve to fifteen cubic 
feet of wood. 

The product from this operation, or ores free from gangue, are 
then broken up, mixed with 25 per cent, of fine charcoal, and the 
sulphur eliminated by careful roasting in a reverberatory fur- 
nace. The complete oxidation of the sulphide being obtained, 
it is mixed with 22 per cent, of finely broken charcoal "which 
has been saturated with a strong solution of carbonate of soda" 
and charged into a retort arranged as the first, or into the body 
of a small reverberatory, constructed in accordance with the 
principle of the retort furnace. The use of lime and iron, in 
order to effect the reduction at one operation, is detrimental 
to the character of the product, the quantity of iron taken up 
by the antimony unfits it for many purposes. 

Uses. — The extreme brittleness of this metal prohibits its 
use alone, and it is therefore applied to the fabrication of al- 
loys, a use to which it is well adapted by its peculiar charac- 
teristics. Of the alloys of which it is a component part, the 
following are the most important, viz.: Type and stereotype 
metals, britannia metal, toy metal, babbit metal ; used in the 
casting of bells, greater hardness and brilliancy is had as 
well as an increase in the volume of sound ; used in the alloy 
for making metallic concave mirrors, greater strength, and a 
metal susceptible to a finer polish is attained; used in the 
casting of cannon balls, greater solidity is had as well as in- 
creased facilities in casting. The metal also finds important 
application in the preparation of medicinal compounds. It is 
the source of a series of brilliant and durable paints, and is 
used in pyrotechnics. 

The opportunities offered in Arkansas for the founding of 
such industries, as are here enumerated, is unexcelled. All 
the requisites for the construction of furnaces, etc., fluxing, 
making of babbit, are present. 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 55 

COPPER GENESIS — ORES — USES, ETC. 

Copper is of a warm, rich red color, and is the only red 
colored metal known except the rare titanirum. It fuses at 
1994 Fahr. of heat, and at an intense heat volatilizes. Ignited 
in oxygen it burns with a intense green colored flame ; is 
but little acted upon by exposure to moisture or atmospheric 
agencies. It is soft, ductile and malleable; and may be wrought 
into any desired form by hammering. In tenacity it ranks 
next to iron, and is one of the best conductors of the electric 
fluid. It acquires temper by rolling or hammering and may 
be again softened by heating and plunging into water. Cop- 
per is found native in certain localities in Europe, South and 
North America. The largest deposit of native copper known 
occurs in the Lake Superior region, where it is found in 
massive and arborescent forms, often superficially coated with 
silver. 

Genesis — The occurrence of this metal in large masses in the 
metallic form, its great beauty and ease of working into de- 
sired forms, must early have attracted the attention of man, and 
led to its utilization. Of the period in which it first came 
into use we know nothing. Known and used from the most 
remote times, probably long before the birth of Tubal-Cain, 
althongh sacred history is silent upon the subject. It is evi- 
dent that at a time coeval with this antediluvian artisan, its use 
had entered largely into the national economy and was exten- 
sively used in the manufacture of weapons, domestic utensils 
and ornamental articles. During the period indicated, copper 
is no where mentioned; it is brass only which is spoken of; 
sword blades and cutting instruments found in Herculaneum 
are invariably of bronze. This brass is found by analysts to 
consist of copper and tin with very small quantities of other 
metals present, as impurities, and is that now known in com- 
merce as bronze. It is recorded that a copper mine on the 
Peninsula of Sinai was extensively worked by Cheops Chefu, 
in the fourth dynasty. No doubt can arise as to the smelting of 
copper ores by these ancient metallurgists. That their methods 



56 NATUkAL RESOURCES OF 

of reduction were tedious, laborious and imperfect, is prob- 
able, but that they were adequate to the reduction of copper and 
tin ores, is fully demonstrated by their product — bronze. The 
Syrians and Phcenecians, were, as appears from various re- 
cords, and the large quantities of bronze which they manufac- 
tured, extensive dealers in copper.. The ancient Greeks pro- 
cured their supplies from the Isle of Cyprus, which, with 
Rhodes, continued for a considerable period of time to be the 
emporium for this metal. During the middle ages copper was 
sometimes used as a covering for houses of the better sort, and 
scenes were engraved upon copper plates. With the alche- 
mists copper was represented by the symbol of Venus, and 
so called, not so much on account of its lustre and beauty (it 
being by them considered an imperfect metal), but from the 
facility with which it united to and was changed by other 
bodies. The use of this metal forms a chapter in the history of 
ancient Mexico, and in its future reading the origin of that 
people may yet be determined. It is only during the past 
eighty years that the mining of this metal has been prosecuted 
with energy, but the demands of commerce now press it for- 
ward with increasing vigor. Some species of copper ore con- 
tain such quantities of gold or silver, or both, as to be more 
valuable for their content of these metals than as copper 
ores. 

Commercial ores of the region — The following sulphides of 
copper are easily recognized by their color and brittleness: 

Chalcopyrite consists of sulphur, iron and copper; it is brass 
yellow in color, and makes on a hard white surface a green 
black mark. 

Bornite, consists of sulphur and copper. In color it is bronze 
yellow, with a more or less abundant tarnish of a purple color. 
It makes a black mark. 

Chalcocite, is steel grey in color and affords a grey mark. 

Covellite, is indigo blue to black in color, and has the lustre 
of glass. 

Cuprite, is of a red color, earthy to hard. It makes a red 
to red-brown mark. 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 57 

Melaconite, is soft and earthy to hard, and metallic. It is 
black in color and makes a black mark. 

The carbonates of copper — malachite — the green carbonate, 
is fibrus in structure. 

Azureite is more or less deeply blue in color. 

Quite a number of other species of copper ores occur in 
this or other regions in the State, but as the quantity is lim- 
ited, and such would if worked speedily give place to those 
enumerated, which form the base of our commercial supply. 
It is not considered necessary to describe them. 

Reduction. — The reduction of the oxides and carbonates of 
copper is easily and cheaply effected in a furnace of simple 
construction. The reduction in the furnace of the sulphides, is 
of far greater expense and difficulty, being accomplished only 
through a series of processes which demand skill and experi- 
ence in their execution. Fortunately for the prosperity of the 
region, this class of ores are reduced with facility by means of 
any one of several processes of lixiviation, which, while effecting 
the extraction of the copper, permit also the saving of such in- 
crement of gold or silver as may be present in the ores. There 
are several by-products resulting from this process of reduc- 
tion of no little importance, which quite materially increase 
the profits. Plants adapted to this method of reduction are 
simple in construction and inexpensive. Materials and other 
requisites are abundant and easily available in the immediate 
vicinity of desirable sites. A no more profitable industry offers 
than this. 

Uses. — The metal is utilized in the manufacture of dynamos, 
batteries, sheathing of ships, numberless domestic utensils and 
ornamental articles of wire and rods, as conductors of the elec- 
tric fluid, coins, electro-plating, engraving and other important 
uses, as the beautiful aventurine glass, "the brilliancy of which 
is due to crystals of metallic copper." Many of its alloys are 
of more importance and have a wider range of application 
than the metal. 

Gold and silver coins and jewelry are hardened by it. Brass, 
bronze, gun and bell metal, German silver, and aluminum 



58 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

bronze, are well known alloys. Dyes, paints, medicinal prepa- 
tions and chemicals are also afforded by it. In the manufac- 
ture of sulphate of copper or the founding of alloys, a fortune 
awaits those who first found such industries in the State. 

COBALT — GENESIS — ORES — USES. 

So far as now known, the cobalt ores of this State are of no 
commercial importance. The character of the ores and the 
limited manner of occurrence, prohibits their being put for- 
ward as a resource available as the basis of a profitable indus- 
try. The possibility of the occurrence of workable deposits, 
however, renders a brief description of the metal and its more 
commonly occurring ores desirable. 

Cobalt, is a metal of a steel grey color, with a pinkish tinge. 
It is by no means brilliant, but is susceptible of receiving a 
high polish. It is not found in the metallic state. The form 
of the metal varies, and is due to the temperature employed 
and the manner of reduction. It is seen in the form of plates 
sometimes in granulated form, and occasionally in that of fine 
fibers. It has no magnetic properties. Atmospheric agencies 
affect it but little. The difficulties attendant upon its prepa- 
ration, and the peculiar properties of the metal, do not admit 
of its use in the metallic form. 

Genesis. — It is hardly probable that this metal was known 
earlier than the fifteenth century. A substance then known as 
cobalt was used as a coloring for glass. An examination of this 
substance led to the discovery by Brandt, in 1733, "a Swed- 
ish chemist," of a new element, to which he gave the name for- 
merly applied to an ore of the metal. The miners regarded the 
ores of Cobalt with suspicion, believing that such resulted 
through the agency of the evil one in his efforts to mislead 
them and render their toil unprofitable ; and it was once a 
custom in the church in Germany to offer prayers for the pro- 
tection of miners and their works from cobalts and spirits. 

Ores. — Smaltine, is tin white in color, granular and uneven 
in structure. It is composed of arsenic and cobalt. This ore 
occurs in some localities associated with copper and silver 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 59 

ores. Black oxide of cobalt is blue-black in color and earthy 
in form, and is usually found associated with manganese ores. 
Arsenate of cobalt, is of purplish pink color, and occurs in- 
crusting other metals and also in " kidney form " masses. Co- 
balt also occurs in some species of iron, manganese and nickel 
ores, and is so found in this State. 

Uses. — The various preparations of cobalt are chiefly used 
for painting on porcelain, coloring glass and enamels ; in the 
manufacture of imitation gems, as a paint; also to counteract 
the yellowish tint of newly finished lawns, laces, etc. The 
chloride, nitrate and sulphate of cobalt are used as sympa- 
thetic inks. Characters written with a quill pen, using them as 
inks, are invisible until the paper containing them is warmed. 
They then become blue and visible, to fade away again in a little 
while. The proto-nitrate is a valued reagent in the laboratory. 
All substances containing cobalt, if fused with glass or other 
fusible silicate, with addition of borax or with this latter alone, 
affords a glass of an intense blue color. The coloring power 
of the oxide of cobolt is so intense that the one-twenty thou- 
sandth communicates to a pure white glass a perceptible azure 
blue tint. By various processes, too tedious to here describe, 
the oxide of the metal is procured for the after-formation of 
smelt, a fusible and deeply-colored glass, which serves as the 
vehicle for the introduction of the coloring matter into other 
substances. 

CADMIUM — GENESIS — ORE — USES. 

This metal has the color of tin, and nearly the same degree 
of hardness. It is very malleable and has a density of 8.7. It 
is not found native. At 460 Fahr. it melts, and at higher 
temperature passes off in vapor. It is but little acted upon by 
exposure to the air, but if intensely heated burns with the ev- 
olution of brownish colored fumes. 

Genesis. — It accompanies the ores of zinc, and, being more 
volatile than they, passes over first, as vapor, when zinc ores 
containing it are subjected to distillation with charcoal. Cala- 
mine is usually richest in this metal, which was discovered by 
Stromeyer in 1817. 



6o 



NATURAL RESOURCES 



Ores. — Greenockite (sulphide of cadmium); color, orange to 
honey yellow; structure, prismatic; hardness, 3 to 3.5, about 
that of jack; lustre, adamantine. 

Occurrence. — In some varieties of zinc blends, also in sam- 
ples of carbonate and silicate of zinc, from Rush and Water 
Creeks, Marion County. 

Uses. — The principal use of this metal is in the manufacture 
of certain alloys. It has a limited use in chemistry, photogra- 
phy, and other technical arts. 

GOLD — GENESIS — USES. 

Gold is a rich yellow metal, of brilliant metallic lustre. In 
ductility, malleability and tenacity.it exceeds all other metals 
except aluminum. It has nearly the softness of lead, and is 
the heaviest of all metals except platinum and iridium, its 
specific gravity being 19.5. It is unacted upon by atmospheric 
agencies, moisture or rust. It occurs only in the metallic state, 
and then never pure, it being alloyed by silver, copper, or pla- 
tinum and its associates. It is found in quartz veins, traversing 
various formations ; in gravel-drifts, of glacial origin ; in the 
sands of streams traversing, or having source in, auriferous 
formations. In veins it occurs in spangles, shots, wires, string- 
ers, arborescent, incrusting, in crystals variously modified, and 
in solution in the waters of some mines. In gravel and river 
sands, it is found in fine dust, grains and nuggets, which are 
rounded by attrition. More sparingly, it occurs in pyrites of 
iron, telluride, silver, manganese, copper, lead, zinc, and com- 
mon iron ores. It is of wide distribution, being found in all 
quarters of the globe, in greater or lesser quantities, most fre- 
quently in insufficient quantity to repay cost of extraction. 
From its nature, and method of occurrence, gold was probably 
the first metal known to man. In the writings of the earliest 
period of the most remote times mention is made of it in such 
manner as indicates a knowledge of it and its uses in time pre- 
ceding. In the Book of Genesis we read that in the land of 
Havilah " there is gold, and the gold of that land is good." 
Other occurring passages demonstrate the proficiency of the 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 6l 

metallurgists in the refining of gold and silver in the time of 
Moses, and the attainment of knowledge of no mean order. 

In the cycles of succeeding times the light of ancient learn- 
ing was overwhelmed by the darkness of the middle ages. A 
flickering flame, nursed by Arabian hands, was revivified by the 
alchemists and urged into a blaze, the light of which illumi- 
nates our time. By the alchemists, this most precious of 
metals, " so highly esteemed because of its rarity, beauty, 
weight, unchangeable character, and the ease of its fashioning 
into ornaments, or adapted to the purpose of exchange," was 
esteemed the only perfect metal. All others, were to them, 
imperfect, undeveloped, or diseased forms of gold. And they 
sought for means or media by which to effect transmutation 
of the baser metals into that of the perfect form. Failing in 
this, they left to us various valued forms of apparatus and 
knowledge in their use, which has resulted in such productions 
as gratify our needs, affording conveniences and comfort not 
attainable by gold alone. 

With few if any exceptions, the celebrated mines of an- 
cient days are now unknown ; even the regions of their loca- 
tions have passed from memory. The mines of Solomon, of 
Hannabal, of the Incas of Peru, and the emperors of the 
Mexicans, are now only known, to have been. In a pure state 
gold is too soft for the purpose of coinage, plate or jewelry. 
The necessary degree of hardness is attained without injury 
to the color by alloying it with copper and silver. A single 
grain of pure gold may be extended over 56.75 square inches 
of surface, or drawn out into a wire five hundred feet long. 
Its fusing point is at about 2006 Fahr. When submitted to 
the action of a powerful galvanic current, it enters into fusion 
and gives off metallic fumes. 

Substances Mistaken for Gold. — Marcassite (pyrites of iron), 
brittle, heated on the fire gives off sulphur fumes, becomes 
red when cold, strikes fire with steel ; chalcopyrite and other 
sulphides of copper, are brittle. Mica, after heating with nitre, 
loses color. 



62' NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

ORES OF GOLD. 

As before stated, certain ores of other metals are rich in 
their containditure of gold, and are utilized as a source of 
supply. These, however rich in gold they may be, are not 
ores of gold, nor is the quartz or other rock which may en- 
close it. Ore, is a metal that is in chemical combination with 
some other element, or, as we say, mineralized. Gold does 
not so occur. If present in such ores, it is as gold, mechani- 
cally enclosed. Where found native, gold is invariably al- 
loyed with silver or copper. 

Sources of Supply. — The gravels, sands and veins already 
described in Southwestern Arkansas, is a region bordering on 
the Cossatot and Saline Rivers, in which gold may occur in 
quantity; as yet, no workable deposits are known. 

Uses. — As a medium of exchange ; in the manufacturing of 
ornamental articles ; in electro-plating ; as a pigment in porce- 
lain painting; as a source of choice purple dyes; and in 
numerous other applications of lesser note in chemistry and 
medicine. 

Reduction. — The simple melting of gold is not attended with 
difficulty. And so far as the miner is concerned, is not nec- 
essary, as for his gold, whether in dust, bars, slugs, or other 
forms, he can at any time obtain its value in money. In the 
refining of gold and silver, knowledge and skill are requisites 
of success. 

The recent legislation on the silver question will prove pro- 
ductive of increased activity in gold mining, and effect the re- 
opening of old mines and the discovery of new ones. An in- 
calculable advantage occurs to this branch of the mining in- 
dustry in consequence of the act. 

IRON — GENESIS — ORES. 

Iron, is of a bluish-gray color, and perfect lustre, which may 
be heightened by polishing. Of the ductile metals, possessing 
both ductility and malleability, it is the hardest. In tenacity 
it exceeds all metals " except aluminum." The character of its 
fracture is dependent upon the method used in its production, 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. -63 

and is either granular or fibrous. The degree of heat required 
for its melting varies somewhat, because of the presence of 
sulphur, phosphorus, silicon and carbon, the presence of which 
lower the melting point, which is at about 3000 of heat. Be- 
fore the fusing point is reached the metal assumes a pasty 
form, in which state two separate masses may be united into 
one homogeneous mass. Iron and nickel are the only metals 
which are strongly magnetic at ordinary temperatures. Steel 
is simply a carbide of iron. 

Native Iron — Is almost pure white in color, and resembles 
silver more than ordinary iron. It is softer and tougher, and 
permits shaping, when worked cold, into more intricate forms 
than the product of the furnace. 

Genesis — The use of iron began in remote ages, of which 
there is now no record. Whether its first use was the result 
of the accidental discovery of a mass of native iron, or of the 
kindling of a fire upon a bed of carbonate of iron, we do not 
know. That iron would have been produced by the latter 
cause is, to say the least, very improbable. In the first reduc- 
tion of the ore quite an advance in the knowledge of mechan- 
ical arts is implied, inasmuch as the crude mud furnace and 
goatskin bellows of the African metallurgist embodies the same 
principles as those gigantic structures of our erection, and pre- 
supposes, in the erection of the furnace and the adaptation to 
it of a blast, the requisites essential to the reduction of the 
ores, and further, such knowledge of the character of ores as 
permitted the selection of those ores which afforded a mallea- 
ble product by simple smelting. Moses tells us that Tubal 
Cain, the grandson of Cain, Adam's son, wrought in brass and 
iron. Job says, iron is taken out of the earth. This metal is 
referred to by the Scriptures as being in common use for the 
fabrication of weapons and manufacturing instruments. 

Homer mentions that a mass of iron was awarded as a prize 
in the funeral games given by Achilles in honor of Patrochus, 
which is indicative, or rather, demonstrative, of the scarcity of 
iron, and the esteem in which it was held by the ancient 
Greeks. 



6 4 - 



NATURAL RESOURCES OF 



"Then hurled the hero, thundering on the ground 
A mass of iron — an enormous round — 
Whose weight and size the circling Greeks admire, 
Rude from the furnace, and but shaped by fire." 

Pliny, in his natural history, has much to say relative to the 
manufacture of iron, and the occurrence of its ores. 

Large masses of metallic iron have fallen upon the surface 
of the earth in various regions of the globe, and are termed 
meteoric irons. They are known by the presence of nickel, 
which does not occur in the iron of terrestrial origin, and by 
the peculiar lines observable when etched. 

Iron is diffused throughout nature. It not only exists as a 
constituent in a vast variety of minerals, but is so constantly 
present as an adventitious mixture in nearly all mineral sub- 
stances, that in the analysis of an inorganic substance the 
chemist seldom fails to detect traces, at least, of its presence. In 
most bodies, of both the animal and vegetable kingdoms, it is 
likewise present in some form or other. No other metal, as 
yet, can compare with it in utility. It was the lever which 
lifted the human race from the depths of barbarism to the ad- 
vanced state of the present civilization, and now forms the 
foundation which sustains it. 

Ores. — Magnetite (lodestone) occurs crystallized and mas- 
sive, is of a deep black color, sometimes with reddish coating ; 
compact, density, 5.5 ; brittle, affords a black mark, strongly 
attracted by the magnet; often has polarity; the best ore of iron. 

Hematite, occurs crystallized and massive. Color, steel-grey 
to black, red ; gives a red mark ; lustre, earthy to metallic ; very 
hard. There is an extensive series of seemingly different ores 
under this head, but such differences are simply due to varia- 
tion in form ; a good but somewhat refractory ore, and valuable. 

Limonite, occurs crystallized, massive, stalactitic. Color, va- 
rious shades of yellow ; very soft to hard, makes a yellow mark. 

Carbonate of iron, occurs massive, crystalline and in lenticular 
globular and platy masses. Color, light grey to nearly black ; 
pearly lustre to dull earthy. When crystallized may easily be 
mistaken for a carbonate of lime. 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 65 

Occurrence. — The above named ores occur of remarkable 
purity in deposits more or less extensive in other portions of 
the State. Ores, two and three, occur widely distributed in this 
region. The deposits are not of such character as to prove a 
satisfactory basis for iron smelting. They will, however, afford 
an abundance of choice, dark colored ochers, suitable for pig- 
ments, fluxing material and polishing powders, and are worthy 
of attention, the more so, as in intimate association with them, 
zinc or lead ores are found. 

Pyrites of Iron. — There are three distinct kinds of this min- 
eral, all of which have a brass to golden yellow color, and me- 
tallic lustre. They are very hard and brittle, of high specific 
gravity, and give a black mark. They are never anywhere 
used as iron ores. Some forms contain gold in quantity, and 
in such cases they are treated for its extraction. They are 
also used as fluxing to effect the reduction of the ores of cer- 
tain metals. Their greatest value is due, however, to their be- 
ing a valued source of sulphur in the manufacture of sulphuric 
acid, than which there is no more important chemical, there 
being few, if any, industrial pursuits or arts in life into which 
it, or some one or other compound of it, or one prepared 
through it, does not enter. The residue, after the extraction 
of the sulphur, finds use as an important pigment. When these 
substances are not utilized in such manufacture they are used 
in the manufacture of alum, sulphate of iron (copperas). The 
extensive deposits of these substances afford a most desirable 
basis for the erection of works adapted to their utilization. 

Uses. — The civilization, wealth and refinement of a people 
can be determined by a knowledge of the extent and varied 
uses to which they apply iron and its derivatives. It enters 
into the structure of our homes, tools, clothing, utensils, medi- 
cines, and in fact, our very bodies. 

LEAD — GENESIS — ORES — USES. 

Lead is a bluish grey color, and when freshly cut of perfect 
metallic lustre. It is soft, malleable and ductile, and of infe- 
rior tenacity. Its specific gravity is 11.5. At a temperature 



66 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

of 6i2°, Fahr., it fuses ; at higher degrees of heat it gives off 
vapors, but not so freely as to permit distillation. On exposure 
acquires a coating of oxide, but withstands perfectly the action 
of hydrofluric acid. Occurs, sparingly native. 

Genesis. — This metal was known at a very early period in 
the world's history. Moses makes frequent mention of it. 
The alchemists regarded it as a valuable media in affecting the 
transmutation of metals, it being claimed by some that they had 
transformed it into silver. As silver is almost invariably pres- 
ent in lead, such claims seemed actually demonstrated to them 
on the rinding of silver after the oxidation of lead, in which 
they had no reason for suspecting the presence of silver. 

Ores. — Galena (sulphide of lead) is the source of the com- 
mercial supply of the metal. An extensive series of minerals 
occur in which lead is present in large quantity, but the de- 
posits of such minerals are not extensive and soon give place 
to galena. A very large proportion of the silver of commerce 
is derived from galenas, which occur in greater or lesser quan- 
tity in all silver-producing mines in which any depth has been 
attained in the workings. Gold also occurs sparingly in this 
ore in some localities. 

Galena occurs crystallized in the cubic form, is brittle, and 
when broken is sextile, the fragments being cubical in form. 
It is, when freshly fractured, of perfect metallic lustre, and of a 
lead grey to grey black color, with a bluish cast. In density it 
is 7.5. The mark afforded by it is blue black. Galena varies 
in form and crystalline structure, often when broken, appearing 
granular or platy. The ore has often a coating of white or 
reddish colored oxide. Found loose in the soil in large quantity. 

Cerussite (carbonate of lead), color, when crystallized, red, 
blue, green and white. Dull to pearly in lustre. Brittle when 
massive. Occurs as an incrustation, also in irregular pieces. 
Color, red, yellow and intermediate shades — dull to glistening. 
These ores are those which occur here in workable deposits. 
The manner of their occurrence and the character of the de- 
posits renders the mining of the ores a profitable industry, re- 
quiring but little capital. 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 6j 

Occurrence of Deposits. — Deposits of these ores occur on 
numerous tributary streams and branches of Sugar Loaf, Sugar 
Orchard, Sisters and Jimmy's Creeks. The heaviest develop- 
ment work of these localities has been done in the Short 
Mountains, the vicinity of Dodd City, Coffee Hill, Phil. Moore's, 
Sister Creek, also near Stone, Jimmy's Creek. 

Utilization. — Several advantageous locations offer for the 
erection of lead smelting plants, in the product of which, is 
the basis for white iead works. The peculiar advantages pos- 
sessed by this region render it, of all others, that best adapted 
to this enterprise, which offers to those who are possessed of 
small capital an opportunity for engaging in an industry which 
never yet has failed to enrich. 

MANGANESE — GENESIS — ORES — USES. 

This metal is greyish white in color ; it is very hard and 
brittle, and so prone to oxidation that a covering of same 
hydrocarbon, is necessary to preserve it in the metallic form. 
It is fusible with great difficulty, requiring the highest heat of 
the blast furnace. Its specific gravity is 8. It is devoid of 
magnetic properties. 

Genesis. — Braunstein, a black oxide of manganese, was 
long used under the name of magnesia-nigra by glass-makers 
for the purpose of neutralizing the green tint of glass. It was 
classed by mineralogists as an ore of iron until 1740, when 
Potts, showed that it often contained no traces of iron. A sep- 
arate place was then assigned it in works on mineralogy as a 
peculiar earth. Subsequently Gahn proved the earth to be 
the ore of a metal, to which he applied the name of magne- 
sium. Afterwards this term was used to designate the metallic 
base of magnesia, and the name manganese then became that 
of the new metal. No very great use other than that spoken 
of, until in 1785, when it was applied to use in the manufac- 
ture of chlorine, followed in 1839 by its introduction by Heath 
(an Englishman), into the manufacture of steel. This manu- 
facture was by it revolutionized, rendering England, to a great 
extent, independent of Russian and Swedish iron in the manu- 



68 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

facture of steel. From this its application to other purposes 
in manufactures and art, was more or less rapid, and it now 
finds use in the manufacture of steel, bronzes and other al- 
loys ; also in that of chlorine and other chemicals, pigments 
dyes, fluxing, etc., and many other important uses to which in 
the thus modified form it becomes applicable. 

Commercial Ores. — Manganese, is of wide distribution, it be- 
ing present in many soils, rocks and many organic substances. 
It is of frequent occurrence as a constituent in the ores of 
other metals, and its ores occurring in argentiferous regions 
are smelted for their silver contents. Many iron ores contain 
an appreciable quantity of manganese. Psilomelane, color ; 
black, amorphous; specifiic gravity, 3.5 to 4.5 ; hardness, 5 to 
6, that is, nearly as hard as quartz ; affords a black mark. Py- 
rolusite, iron black in color; soft to very hard ; about as heavy 
as the preceding; gives a black mark. 

Manganite — Steel grey in color, prismatic in form ; hard- 
ness, 4 ; specific gravity, 4.3 ; gives a red brown mark. The 
preceding are metallic in lustre wad ; color, black to brown, 
dull, earthy, soft, massive, rather light ; affords a black mark ; 
some varieties contain cobalt. 

Occurrence. — The occurrence of workable deposits of man- 
ganese in Marion and Boone Counties is very doubtful. Such 
deposits are, however, quite accessible and offer a basis for the 
establishment of the industries named. In the manufacture of 
chlorine, manganiferous salts, disinfecting fluids, paints, etc., a 
virgin field offers, in which, is every opportunity for the rapid 
acquisition of wealth. No chlorine is manufactured in the 
United States, and the presence here of all materials required 
in the manufacture, gives assurance of ability to compete with 
foreign manufacturers. 

NICKEL — GENESIS — ORES — USES. 

Nickel (sometimes found native) is a brilliant, silvery white, 
ductile metal, possessed of strong magnetic properties. It is 
somewhat harder than silver and rather more fusib than iron,. 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 69 

It has a density of 8.2, and is unchanged by atmospheric 
agencies. 

Genesis. — This metal was first described by Chronstedt in 
1757. But little use was made of it for many years, but dur- 
ing the last thirty years its importance has been fully recog- 
nized and its applications in the arts of life are now numerous 
and of great importance. It has a strong affinity for iron, an 
alloy of which, with nickel, compose the meteoric iron which 
has its origin in the regions of space. The affinity for cobalt 
is not less greater, and in ores of iron and cobalt it is frequently 
a constituent, and these metals occur likewise in the ores of 
nickel. In the separation or refining of gold and silver, the 
presence of nickel is a source of annoyance to the assayer, 
through the difficulty of expelling metals containing it. The 
name nickel, was applied to this metal by the old German 
miners as a term of detraction, they regarding it as a false cop- 
per ore. 

Ores Occuringin Quantities of Commercial Importance. — The 
ores of nickel, with but few exceptions, are light in color and 
of metallic lustre, and bear some resemblance to those of 
cobalt. 

Copper-nickel is of a light copper color of metallic lustre. It 
is brittle and usually occurs massive. The specific gravity is 
7.4. On a white surface it affords a brownish red mark. It is 
generally found associated with the ores of copper, cobalt and 
silver. Nickel pyrites (Millerite), brass to bronze yellow in 
color, occurs crystallized in rhombohedial crystals, and in hair- 
like filaments. (It is that form of nickel ore most abundant in 
Arkansas.) Is easily mistaken for pyrite of iron. 

Green oxide of nickel (genthite) occurs usually as an in- 
crustation on other minerals, is nearly transparent, and of a 
deep green color, with vitreous lustre. Some varieties are 
found, black in color. 

Uses.— The alloys of nickel are of vast importance in the 
arts of life. German silver, tutenag, aluminum nickel com- 
posite, aluminum nickel alloy, are the most important. An 
•enumeration of the uses to which these alloys are applied is of 



70 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

too lengthy a nature to be considered here. Large quantities 
of the metal are consumed in the electro-plating of other met- 
als, a use to which the retention of lustre, brightness, and re- 
sistance to oxidizing agencies, perfectly adapt it. The salts of 
this metal find application in chemistry, and other avocations. 
Importance of the Ore— Occurrences. — The presence of nickel 
ores in Arkansas, opens up to the founder of copper and zinc 
ores an avenue for the further enhancement in the value of 
their product, by manufacturing from it German silver and 
other alloys. This is no less true and important to the man- 
ufacturer of aluminum and its alloys. The establishment of 
no class of industries in Arkansas can effect such rapid devel- 
opment of her resources and wealth as can the founding of 
smelting and other metal-working industries. 

SILVER — GENESIS — ORES. 

Silver. — This metal is silver-white to a tarnished grey, some- 
times of a reddish tint. The lustre is metallic, bright and 
shining ; the streak, silvery white ; hardness, 2.5 to 3 ; specific 
gravity when pure, 10. 5 ; fracture, hackly, bright to splendent; 
is ductile, malleable, and of great tenacity. It is found native 
in the following forms : Platy pieces, spangles, dentiform, 
ramose, aborescent, wire and hair-like, penetrating or coiled, 
and crystallized in tubes, octahedrons and allied forms. In 
veins traversing the strata of the primary transition and sec- 
ondary formations, associated with other ores and dessiminated 
in copper and galena in native form. 

Genesis. — This metal was one of the first known to and 
utilized by man. Its occurrence in native form and in some 
ores of simple and easy reduction, rendered its procurance 
in quantity possible, by the use of such rude and simple ap- 
pliances as was most probably devised for its treatment by 
man in the prehistoric ages of the world. The book of 
Genesis relates that Abraham, "who lived about two thousand 
years before the Christian era," was rich in cattle, in silver and 
in gold ; that he paid 400 shekels of silver for a burial place 
for his wife. Joseph, the great-grandson of Abraham, was 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. J\ 

sold by his brethren for 20 pieces of silver. The author of 
the book of Job, who is certainly a very ancient writer, says, 
" Surely there is a vein for the silver and a place for the gold." 
In the first book of Kings we find stated " that all the vessels 
of the house of the forest of Lebanon were of pure gold ; none 
were of silver, for that metal was nothing accounted of in the 
ages of Solomon, and the King made silver to be as stones in 
Jerusalem." No less astonishing and incredible are the ac- 
counts given by the profane writers of antiquity, of vast treas- 
ures of gold and silver. In a description of the City of Ecba- 
tana, by Polybius, it is stated that the beams, pillars and sup- 
ports of the roof and portico of the palace were covered with 
gold and silver plates, and the tiles were of silver. The King 
of Lydia, Croesus, is said by Herodotus and Diodorus to have 
presented to the temple of Delphi, 4000 talents of silver and 
270 talents of gold, in value, about $15,000,000. Such exam- 
ples of the vast accumulations are by no means of rare oc- 
currence in ancient history, nor are such entirely absent from 
comparatively modern history. The power of theRoman Empire 
was shaken to its foundation by Hannibal, through the means 
of silver dug from Spanish mines, from one of which, the 
daily output was 4800 ounces of silver daily, This is but a 
tithe of the metallic wealth wrested from nature in times past ; 
as a mighty river it flowed until the Roman Empire was swept 
from its place by barbarian hordes. It would be of interest 
to know what has become of these treasures, what of those of 
the Peruvian Incas, and of the Montezumas ? Where is the 
source from which this wealth was taken. 

Ores of Silver. — Silver glance (sulphide of silver), color dull, 
blackish grey; if freshly broken the lustre is metallic ; can be 
cut in shavings with a knife ; malleable ; gives a grey black 
mark ; hardness, 2 ; specific gravity, 7.2 ; easily mistaken for 
galena. This ore contains 85 to By per cent, of metallic silver. 

Grey Copper {tetra hedrite). — This ore contains antimony, 
copper and silver ; color, lead grey ; lustre, semi-metallic to 
metallic ; streak, dark grey ; hardness, 3.5 ; specific gravity, 
4.8 ; affords a grey streak or mark. 



72 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 



Brittle Silver (stephanite). — Color, iron black ; streak, black 
hardness, 2.5 ; specific gravity, 6.25. 

Ruby silver (pyrargyrite). — Color, red to black ; streak, red ; 
hardness, 2.5 ; specific granity, 5.8. 

Galena {sulphide of lead). — See under lead. A very large 
portion of the commercial supplies of silver comes from this 
source. Very few samples of galena are found which do not 
contain some silver, the amount present varying from the as- 
sayers' trace, y 2 ounce to the ton of ore. This, or any other 
ore that contains .005 of silver, is very rich. Where Jead con- 
tains 2 to 4 ounces of silver to the ton, it is separated by the 
Pattinson process. Where 15 to 25 ounces, it is considered an 
ore of silver. The galena ores of this region are usually ar- 
gentiferous, the content of silver varying from a trace to 67 
ounces to the ton. Silver occurs also in ores of zinc, copper, 
iron and manganese. 

The silver ores here described are only such as have been or 
may be found in this region. Of the uses and applications of 
silver it seems needless to write, as to most people they are 
well known. 

ZINC — GENESIS — ORES — USES. 

This metal is bluish white in color, of metallic lustre, which 
becomes tarnished on exposure to the air. The structure is 
lamellar and crystalline. The specific gravity is 6.8 to 7.2. 
It melts at 773° Fahr., and at higher temperature, it boils and 
volatilizes, and if air be admitted, burns with green light, and 
production of oxide of zinc. The metal is, under ordinary 
circumstances, brittle, but if heated to 250 Fahr., becomes 
malleable and may be rolled or hammered, and after cooling, 
retains its malleability. If subjected to 4GO Fahr. of heat, it 
becomes so brittle that it is reduced to powder with facility. 

Genesis. — The ores of this metal were known from a very 
early date, but in no instance has an examination of brasses, 
known to have been produced to within a period of twenty 
years preceding the advent of Christ, revealed the presence of 
zinc as a constituent of such brass. About this time it was 
found that an admixture of cadmia, " a supposed earth," with 



■ 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 73 

the copper ores, produced a golden colored metal, which they 
designated' aurichalcum, esteeming it simply a purer form of 
copper. This mode of manufacture was that followed for a 
long period of time, when it was discovered that an admixture 
of tutia, " a residue remaining after the fusion of copper and 
■cadmia," was also adapted to the manufacture of brass. 

Zozimus, " a writer of the fifth century," states that to make 
brass, Cyprus copper must be melted and powdered tutia 
sprinkled over it. According to Alburtus Magnus, the cele- 
brated alchemist Hermes, taught that to make copper of a 
golden color, copper was to be mixed with powdered tutia, 
and melted. 

About the middle of the sixteenth century, Alburtus 
Magnus made use of the term zinc by which to designate the 
educt from cadmia. But the principle in the earth, which 
effected the change of copper into brass, he knew as marcasita 
anuria. From this time until that of Paracelsus, " who was the 
first to characterize it as a distinct metal," it is probable that, 
through gradually developed facts, a more comprehensive 
knowledge of cadmia, tutia and other zinciferous substances 
was acquired, which lead, as a natural consequence, to the 
isolation of the metal. For some years after this event, the 
characteristics of the metal were practically unknown. Agri- 
cola, " who wrote in 15 50, twenty years after Paracelsus," 
states that liquor candidus, or counterfey, was a product of 
the goslar, cadmia. And Fabricus, "who died in 1571," con- 
jectures that stibium was what the miners called cincum, a 
compound which could be melted, but not hammered. From 
this it will be seen that for a long time after the recognition of 
zinc as a metal, a knowledge of its properties was meagre and 
confined to a few chemists, even these being prohibited by the 
edict of the Duke Julius from making or selling it, or making 
it generally known, as through it, it was generally believed 
that the transmutation of metals could be effected, and the 
coinage of the country thereby become debased. For a long 
time this metal was held in high esteem by the alchemists be- 
cause of its supposed virtue in transmuting copper, and the 



74 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

possibilities it possessed as a media through which the trans- 
mutation of other base metals into others, more precious, 
might be effected. Lives were devoted and fortunes dissi- 
pated in vain efforts for the achievement of this purpose. 

Beckmann Keukell is supposed to have been the first to 
procure metal direct from calamine, " about the year 1741."" 
Von Swab, " a Swede," obtained it by the distillation of cali- 
mine. In 1742, Watson states, in his " Chemical Essays," 
that a zinc smelting plant was established in England, in 1743,. 
for the reduction of this metal. Others quickly followed, and 
in 1820, the metal was exported from England in large quan- 
tities. The utilization of the metal was chiefly in the manu- 
facture of brasses, and has since continued to be largely con- 
sumed in this manner, but new applications for the metal is 
being constantly found. 

ORES, OF ZINC. 

The most important ores of zinc are the oxide, carbonates, 
sulphide and silicates. Only those varieties of ores which oc- 
cur in this region will be here described. 

Smithsonite (carbonate of zinc). — Color, white, greyish, 
greenish, to green and yellow; lustre, vitreous to pearly; 
hardness, 5 ; density, 4.5 ; orittle, easily frangible ; fracture, 
uneven; sub-transparent; translucent; occurs, in reniform ; 
botryoidal ; stalactitic, incrusting ; also massive; granular; 
earthy ; the latter is the dry-bone of the miners. A perfectly 
pure carbonate of zinc consists of oxide of zinc, 64.8 per cent.; 
carbon dioxide, 35.2 per cent. Portions of the zinc oxide are 
frequently replaced by iron, cadmium, manganese, lime or 
magnesia. As less expense and difficulty attends the reduc- 
tion of this ore, it is highly esteemed by smelters. 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 75 

Analysis of Ores. 

PROF. WM. ELDERHORST. 

(No. ii.) (No. 15.) (No. 9.) 

From Upper Silesia. Same region. Marion Co., Ark. 

Oxide of zinc 27.02 61.97 65.467 

Carbonic acid and water 26.63 10.32 31-454 

Silica and insoluble silicates 16.56 18.79 l»5 12 

Peroxide of iron 10.86 9.52 trace 

Alumina, \ 

Lime, 1972 1.67 1.067 

Magnesia, J 



100.81 101.27 100.000 

W. ALBERT CHAPMAN. 

(I) (2) (3) 

Crystallized Carbonates from Morhing Star mine, Marion Co., Ark. 

Oxide of zinc 63.65 64.75 61.40 

Carbonic acid 34.55 35.25 35.40 

Oxide of cadmium 75 1 trace 

of iron 50 J 1 .20 

Silica 1. 00 "I 

^ ime ••. \ \ 2.00 

Magnesia > j 

Alumina J J 



100.00 100.00 100.00 

Numbers 11,15 anc ^ 9, are the results, "as given by Prof. El- 
derhorst," of an examination of ores from various localities. 
Numbers I, 2 and 3, are the results of an examination of sam- 
ples from the Morning Star mine, by the author. No. I was 
of a rich, warm, yellow color. No. 2, was grayish in color. 
No. 3, was greenish in color, with dusy cavities, with red stains. 

The above demonstrates the high grade character of the 
carbonate ores of this region. 

CALAMINE — (SILICATE OF ZINC.) 

Color, white, grey, with shade of blue, green or yellow 
color; lustre, pearly to sub-vitreous; translucent; hardness, 
4.5 to 5; density, 3.5; affords a white mark; brittle; frac- 
ture uneven ; sometimes pyroelectric occurs crystalized more 
commonly in stalactitic ; mammillated, botryoidal forms also 
massive and granular; with difficulty distinguished by optical 
characteristics, from Smithsonite. When chemically pure, c 



7 6 



NATURAL RESOURCES OF 



amine consists of 67.5 per cent, of oxide of zinc, 25.0 per cent, 
silica, and 7.5 per cent, of water. 

Analysis of Ores. 

SILICATES, FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 

(Berthier.) (Smithson.) 

(2) (3) 

66.0 68.3 

25.0 25.0 



(Berzelius.) 

(«) 

Oxide of zinc 66.84 

Silica 24 89 

Oxide of lead \ o 

Oxide of tin J 

Water 54 

Carbonic acid 74-45 



( Thompson.) 

(4) 

66.8 

23.2 



9.0 



4-4 

3 3 

100.00 100. o 101.0 

SILICATES, FROM MARION, BOONE, SEARCY AND NEWTON COUNTIES. 



IO.8 



(5) 

Oxide of zinc 62.20 

Silica . . 23.00 

Protoxide of iron , 10 

Alumnia I -5° 

Lime 1.75 

Magnesia 50 

Carbon dioxide 2 . 00 

Water 8. 00 



W. Albert Chapman 

16) 
66.50 

24. 



•5° 
•75 

}l-25 

1 .00 

8.00 



100.8 



(7) 
67.35 
24-75 

1 

j- -4° 

J 

.10 

7.50 



100.05 102.00 100.00 

The above numbers I, 2, 3 and 4, represent the composi- 
tions of German, French and English silicates ; 5, 6 and 7, 
that of silicates of this region. No. 5, is from the Andy George 
mine, on Buffalo ; was massive, deeply fissured, lamillar in 
form. No. 6, was from Water Creek. No. 7, from the Morning 
Star mine. This ore, while not so acceptable to the smelter, 
is, nevertheless, a most valuable ore of zinc. 

Hydrozincite "Marionite." — This ore, is the most valuable and 
desirable of the ores of zinc, both because of being of easier 
reduction and richer in its containditure of metal. It is quite 
probable that it will be found in this region in workable de- 
posits. The following is an analysis of this heretofore rare 
species of zinc ore, by Prof. Elderhorst, who describes it as 
Marionite. It is quite certain that this species varies in com- 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. ?J 

position, even when pure, and that the percentage of water 

present is due to manner of formation and lapse of time since 

the process of formation ceased : 

Oxide of zinc 73 . 262 

Carbonic acid 15. 000 

Water 1 1 . 080 



99-352 
Description of hydrodrozincite. — Color, white grey, chalk 
like; earthy, lustre, dull to vitreous; hardness, 2 to 4; specific 
gravity,3 5 to 4; streak shining to dull white ; a decomposi- 
tion product, occurs ; earthy, massive, compact ; in stalactitic, 
reniform and lamillar form ; also incrusting other ores. Some- 
times easily seperated in platy pieces. 

BRANNERITE — A NEW ARKANSAS MINERAL. 

" A pamphlet entitled, ' Natural Resources of Boone and 
Marion Counties, Arkansas,' published by Prof. W. Albert 
Chapman, assayer and mining engineer, of Yellville, Arkansas, 
contains the following description of a new mineral discovered 
by him in the northern part of this State, and named in honor 
of our State Geologist. The following is Prof. Chapman's 
description of this mineral : 

" Brannente. — On the property known as the Coon Hollow 
mines, situated in section 17, township 19, range 18, Boone 
County, Arkansas, an outcrop of two or more feet in thickness 
is seen in strata or ledge form. This outcrop has been stripped 
in several places and found to be quite extensive. An exami- 
nation led to its acceptance by the writer as a new or unde- 
scribed species of zinc ore, and one, commercially considered, 
of some importance, both because of its occurrence in 
quantity and the possession by it of certain features having an 
important bearing on its reduction and utilization in the manu- 
facture of oxide of zinc (or zinc white). So far as the writer 
is aware, this species of ore occurs in but two localities, the 
one being that mentioned, the other the Leader mine on Clab- 
ber Creek, Marion County, where it has been found very spar- 
ingly. Should future examinations by others verify those of 



jS NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

the writer, he proposes for this species the name of Brannerite 
in honor of the present State Geologist, Dr. John C. Branner, 
whose efforts to legitimatize the mining operations in the 
State has had much to do with the present advancement and 
assured stability of those interests. 

Description. — Brannerite, "an anhydrous carbonate of zinc. 
Optical characteristics: Color, milk white; lustre, dull t<> 
slightly glistening; streak, white, powder, milk white; hardness 
5.8 to 6.2; fracture sub-conchoidal ; specific gravity, 4 2, in- 
fusible ; occurs massive, rough and deeply corroded, some- 
times vesicular, coated with white pulverulent powder. Pyrog- 
nostic characters: In powder, inclosed tube, a white subli- 
mate, which, on intense heating, becomes brownish yellow ; 
assay when hot, bright sulphur yellow ; when cold, white. 
In open tube evolves carbonic acid gas. On coal, in oxidizing 
flame, appears green while the flame is directed upon it. 
Bright sulphur yellow when hot, white when cold. Moistened 
with nitrate of cobalt, and reheated, emerald green. On coal, 
in reduction flame, same reactions, and in both cases yields 
sublimate of white oxide of zinc. Fused with soda, opaque 
enamel, yellow when hot, white when cold. With borax, in 
both flames, colorless bead, which, when saturated and sub- 
jected to the action of an intermittent flame, forms a white 
enamel. 

" Chemical Characters. — Soluble in cold dilute hydrochloric 
acid with residue of silica. Partially soluble in ii per cent, 
ammonia. Precipitates as other zinciferrous compounds. 

Analysis. 

Oxide of zinc 74.2 

Moisture 1.4 

Carbonic acid 24.4 

Protoxide of iron .6 

Silica 2.0 

10.22 
" The limited time at disposal, this paper now being in press, 
has prevented a repetition of the analysis, and as there are 
reasons for supposing the iron and moisture present as ad- 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 79 

ventitious matter in the assay material, no attempt will be made 
toward constructing a formula for this species from the above 
results. Such will be given in the succeeding issue of the 
pamphlet." — [Arkansas Press, October 19, 1889. 

On working, " the outcrop described as being in Coon 
Hollow," was found to be a superficial coating of this ore. 
This, together with its occurrence in other like situations, 
proves it to be a resultant from the decompositions of other 
zinciferous compounds. It has, since the writing of the above, 
been found on the Bull Shoal Mountain, and on Wild-Cat 
Creek. A number of metallurgists and others have mani- 
fested much interest in it, and should a large deposit of it be 
found, it will prove of much profit to the owners. Ores of 
zinc are not stable in form, all being prone to decomposition 
and change of form, unless protected from the action of at- 
mospheric agencies by a covering of water. In consequence, 
in ore deposits, all kinds of ore will be found in the upper 
workings, as also various combinations of two or more forms, 
such will give place to jack, when water is reached. 

Sphalerite {Zinc Blend, Jack, Sulphide of Zinc.) — Color, white, 
brown, yellow, red, black, green, steel gray ; hardness, 3.5 to 
4 ; lustre, resinous to adamantine, transparent — translucent 
fracture; conchoidal, brittle; affords a white mark; specific 
gravity, 3.9 to 4.2 ; occurs crystallized in tetrahedral and 
dodecahedral forms with perfect cleavage ; also massive, com- 
pact, botryoidal, fibrious and radiated ; when pure, consists of 
oxide of zinc, 67 per cent, sulphuric acid, 33 per cent. It 
is very seldom found of such purity. In most samples, a por- 
tion of the zinc is replaced by iron, copper, silver or cadmium, 
giving origin to several varieties of this ore, as : Ordinary, 
containing little or no iron, color usually light; ferriferous, 
containing 5 to 12 percent, of iron; color, steel gray to black, 
known as marmatite ; when cadmium is present the ore is 
known as prizbramite, color of cadmiferous blend, is usually 
greenish or reddish yellow. The cuperous variety, is in color 
blue or green, quite often being coated with copper carbonate. 
Silver or lead may be present in any of the above species. 



8o 



NATURAL RESOURCES OF 



Argentiferous Blends. — Furnace assay (scorification). No. 
i, gave 2 ounces of silver, per ton of ore, No. 2, gave 7 ounces 
of silver, per tou of ore. In the ordinary processes of zinc 
smelting no regard is had to the presence of small amounts of 
silver ; it is lost. After the richness reaches a certain limit the 
ores are then looked upon as silver ores, and so treated. 

Analysis of Ores. 

(W. ALBERT CHAPMAN.) 

Berthus. Jackson. 

(o.) (1.) (2.) (3.) (4.) (5-) 

Oxide of zinc 58.25 65.75 61.50 64.60 61.5 52.0 

Protoxide of iron 2.25 1.25 3.00 1.00 4.0 10.0 

Oxide of cadmium 1. .... .... .... 2.00 ... 3.2 

Oxide of copper 6.00 .... 2.25 trace ... .... 

Manganese .... .... ... 1.3 

Sulphur 33-oo .... .... .... ... .... 

Silica 50 33.00 33.25 32.40 33.0 32.6 

Earthy matters 10.5 00.9 

Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 109.5 100.0 

Numbers I, 2 and 3 are quite common ores throughout this 
region. They are, as compared with 4, which is from New 
Hampshire, and 5, which is from England, of remarkable 
purity, both in constitution and adhering matters, and will 
command the highest price in any zinc ore market. Number 
o occurs in exposed situations in localities where copper, is 
quite abundant. It is black in color, dull of lustre, deeply 
eroded, very fine grained, with absence of cleavage lines ; 
more frequently than not is coated with green carbonate of 
copper, is probably the base of aurichalcite (a rare mineral of 
no importance, as an ore.) 

In various mines throughout the region, goslarite (zinc sul- 
phate, or vitriol) occurs. It is white, pulverent, chalky like, 
has a peculiar taste. If found in commercial quantity would 
prove of great value to the owner, as it contains a heavy per- 
centage of zinc oxide, anjd is soluble in water. Its source 
is, "as is likewise, that of the clays and other ore following" in 
the dissolution of overlaying ore beds, by means of carbonate 
waters. The author has found in the Leader mine, on Clabber 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 8 1 

Creek, waters dripping from the roof charged with sulphate of 
zinc, and plastic masses of this substance in the White Eagle, 
on Rush Creek. Samples, have been brought in from other 
localities. The following clays, contain it in soluble form. The 
first analysis, is that of clay from the Leader, the occurrence of 
zinc in such clays being reported to E. V. M. Powell, "the then 
superintendent of the A. M. and I. Co.," by the author, April 
12, 1889. The second, is by Prof. Branner, State Geologist of 
Arkansas. The proper method of extracting the zinc from such 
clays is by lixivation with water, subsequent evaporation, and 
crystalizing out. 

Sulphate of Zinc — A Marketable Product. 

(I) W. Albert Chapman. (2) Prof. J. C. Branner. 

Silica 31 .50 

Alumina 12 . 20 

Iron oxide 425 

Zinc oxide 31.00 

Lime 6.00 

Magnesia... 2.00 

Sulphur 1 . 50 

Potash o . 05 

Soda 0.05 ... '. 

Water and loss on ignition 12.00 

100.50 98.76 

The following analysis, is that of what might be termed a sand 
carbonate. The sample is said, to have came from the Big 
Buffalo mine. 

Silica 43° 

Oxideofzinc 22.0 

Alumina 4 • ° 

Oxide of iron 5 • ° 

Lime 1-40 

Magnesia 1 . 60 

Carbonic acid io.Q 

1. 000 

This latter can hardly be regarded as an ore of zinc, the low 

percentage of metal present, and the difficulties of reduction > 

cost of transportation, etc., prohibit its treatment. With the 

exception of willemite, zincite, spinel and franklinite, all the 

R 6 



39-77 


8.62 


6.75 


31.88 


1.45 


0.63 


0.84 


0.36 


8.46 



'INC CO., 1 

:, III., V 
20, 1889. ) 



82 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

known varieties of zinc ores, occur in this region ; later develop- 
ments may unearth these. There are species quite common 
here, which are rare or unknown in other localities. That the 
zinc ores of this region are superior to those of other localities, 
the appended letter shows. 

" Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co., 
" LaSalle, 
" November 20, 

" Prof. W. A. Chapman, Lead Hill, Boone Co., Ark.: 

" Dear Sir — We have your favor of October 24th, in regard 

to zinc ore. We have found that all ores shipped from Bates- 

ville found such a ready market at such high prices, at and 

near St. Louis, that it is useless tor us to try to compete for the 

same and pay the additional freight. We are now perfectly 

willing to leave that trade and the development of the mining 

properties to other parties for the present. It is too distant and 

inaccessible to us until railroads open that district. 

" Yours, respectfully, 

" H. Englemann, 

" Supt. Ore Dept, of Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Co." 

Relative to the smelting of zinc ores, many crude and erro- 
neous impressions prevail. For which reason, and that the 
smelting of such ores, while of not such easy reduction as those 
of lead, is not attended with difficulty, large expense, or other 
feature, which can render the reduction here either impractica- 
ble or unprofitable, a description of the process followed in 
many localities is given. 

English Process of Reduction — Distillation Descensum. — 
Roasting furuace. — This is a reverberatory, ten feet in length 
by seven in breadth. The distance from sole to highest point 
of roof is about thirty inches, that of the fire bridge is eighteen 
inches. The stack is eighteen to forty feet in height, the fur- 
nace proper seven feet. It is constructed of stone, fire-brick 
and iron. 

Use. — The principal use of this furnace is to deprive blend 
of its sulphur. The jack is broken into fragments the size of 
a small hickory nut, and charged into the furnace to the depth 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 83 

of four to five inches, and constantly stirred during the opera- 
tion, which requires ten to twelve hours for its completion. 
Carbonates and silicates are likewise deprived of moisture in 
this furnace, by the same method of treatment. 

Reduction furnace. — This furnace is circular in form, and 
may be of such dimensions as desired. Tne bottom of the 
furnace is supported by pillars, two and one-half feet above the 
ground. In the center of this bottom the fire-place is made, 
and around it are disposed large crucibles, through the bottom 
of which are holes, corresponding with like holes in the 
bottom of the furnace. Iron pipes are passed through these 
holes, the upper end terminating a few inches below the 
mouth of the crucibles, and the lower end is immersed in a 
vessel of water resting on the ground. The pipes being luted 
in place, the crucibles are charged " in the case of previously 
roasted jack or carbonate," with a mixture of fine coal and ore. 
The covers of the crucible luted on, all being covered by a clay 
dome, having openings opposite each crucible, the furnace is 
fired. The zinc raises in vapor and passes down through the 
tubes, a charcoal plug preventing the passage of ore, into the 
vessels below. The metal there condenses Five distillations 
may be made in twelve days, in the course of which, in a fur- 
nace of four crucibles, eight to ten tons of ore is reduced, the 
educt being 35 to 40 percent, of the ore treated. The average 
life of a crucible is four months. They can be readily made 
upon the ground. The stack is a continuation of the furnace, 
being of gradual taper from the base to the top. The height 
is from forty to one hundred feet. The author believes that 
he has been sufficiently explicit in this description to enable 
any one to realize the simplicity of the method, plant, etc , and 
also convince them that such plants can be erected at small ex- 
pense, and profitably operated as can also, plants for the man- 
ufacture of oxide of zinc direct from the ore. The saving in 
freightage saved through shipping the metal is as 2 : I. That is, 
roughly stated, the cost of shipping a ton of metal is one-half 
of that, of shipping the two tons of ore, which before reduction 
contained it. Other methods are in vogue for the reduction of 



84 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

zinc ores, but all act upon the same principle, and are not bet- 
ter, and far more expensive than that given, which has been in 
use some two hundred years. The natural facilities of the re- 
gion are peculiarly advantageous to the smelter of zinc ores, 
the manufacturer of zinc white " oxide." The location is also 
advantageous to the establishment of zinc plate works, etc. 

STRONTIA. 

A lustrous golden yellow metal, as hard as lead. Melts 
at a red heat ; not found in metallic form. Its ores are 
celestite, the sulphide stronticinite'; the carbonate, which is 
found in all colors, prismatic in form and of a hardness of 4. 
The nitrate and chloride "salts prepared from these ores," colois 
flame of a deep crimson red, and is used in pyrotechnics. A 
strata, white in color, of excellent quality, is found in the 
Morning Star Mountain, above Guthrie's. The writer made 
from this material, red fire equal to any obtainable in market. 

BARIUM. 

A silvery white metal, melts at a red heat ; malleable as the 
preceding. In the metallic form as yet finds no application. 
Witherite, the carbonate, and heavy spar, the sulphide, are its 
ores, from which is derived a series of valued reagents and 
chemicals, a number of which are poisonous; used in pyrotech- 
nics, affords a green flame. In some countries, the sulphide 
finds use as a source of sulphur; does not occur in this region. 
(For localities, see list.) 

CALCITE. 

Crystallized carbonite of lime, occurs in more or less ex- 
tensive deposits throughout the region ; also as the gangue 
stone of many mines. That found in the Crown Point mine, 
is transparent and contains parallel rows of minute prisms of 
sulphide of copper. Uses: Finds application in lime making, 
also lime cartridges for blasting ; chemicals, as an adulterant 
of white lead paint, also as a flux in the smelting of metals,, 
etc., etc. Of all colors, easily cut with a knife, breaks into 
rhombs. 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 85 

LITHOGRAPHIC LIMESTONE. 

Fine grained, even in texture, colors, buff, drab, grey. Found 
in several localities. 

HYDRAULIC LIMESTONE. 

A limestone "containing some alumina," which when burned 
forms a cement which hardens under water. The proportions 
of the constituent parts in different samples vary, seemingly 
without detriment to the product. 

Analysis of Nezv York Sample, (Dana.) 

Lime .... 23.50 

Magnesia 12.35 

Silica 1 5.37 

Alumina 9.13 

Sesque oxide of iron 2.25 

Carbonic acid 34- 20 

Which compare with the following, by 

Samples from Satillo, Pa. Dr. McCreath. 

Lime 14.120 

Magnesia 9-57 1 

Protoxide of iron 3-34 2 

Alumina ....... 14.066 

Carbonic acid 24.592 

Water 1.005 

Silica 33- 22 ° 

Sample from fimmy Creek, Marion County. -W. Albert Chapman. 

Lime 22. 

Magnesia 12.25 

Alumnina 12.10 

Silica i7-i° 

Sesqueoxide of iron ... 3*°° 

Water 1-20 

Carbonic acid 33-5° 

The occurrence of stone well adapted to the making of ce- 
ment is quite common. It is a decomposition product, result- 
ing from the disintegration of other strata. 

Tripoli (infusorial earth).^-White, yellow, resembles chalk 
or clay; feels gritty when rubbed in the hand; scratches glass 



86 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

when rubbed by it. Consists principally of the silacious shells 
of dictoms. 

Uses — To give body to nitro-glycerine in the manufacture of 
dynamite ; more extensively as a polishing powder, of which 
there are many grades. Occurs in this region in large deposits 
in the form of a pulverent powder and soft, friable, yellow col- 
ored stone, both forms of which contain lime and alumina, and 
are peculiarly adapted to polishing tin and tableware, being 
possessed of grease absorbing qualities. From these coarser 
grades fine powder for polishing gold and silver can be had. 
Offers a good basis for a profitable industry. 

Silica (quartz). — A strata of sandstone adapted to the re- 
quirements of the glass manufacturer is exposed in many 
places. Its value is dependent upon the absence of iron, pres- 
ence of alkalis and easy fusibility. 

Alabaster (a sulphate of lime). — Color, white, massive, 
easily worked; susceptible of taking a fine polish; finds ex- 
tensive application in the manufacture of ornamental articles. 
Occurs with Mexican onyx in caves throughout the region ; is 
a variety of gypsum, for which see list for localities. 

Mexican Onyx (carbonate of lime). — Various colors in 
banded form ; occurs only in caves, where it forms as stalac- 
tites and stalagmites; often of enormous size; sometimes en- 
tire caverns are filled by it; often occurs filling crevices and 
openings and then has the appearance of strata. In great de- 
mand for the manufacture of ornamental articles. Large de- 
posits occur in numerous localities throughout the region. The 
quality and beauty of the stone gives assusance of good 
markets. 

Marble (carbonate of lime). — The deposits, " more prop- 
erly fields," of this stone occurs, covering extensive areas to a 
depth of many feet, often requiring no stripping in the work- 
ing of the beds. Where traversed by ravines, the marble juts 
out as cliffs seventy-five or more feet in height. In such situ- 
ations it can be quarried at a cost of ten cents per ton. The 
extreme beauty of the red variety, which is thickly set with 






BOONE AND MARION COUUTIES. 8/ 

snow-white crinoids, which in the cutting assume all manner 
of geometrical forms, the effect is striking and peculiar. 

Grey, pink, and delicate bluish gray marbles, also occur, as 
also limestone brecciated rock, in which irregular forms of 
deep red, snow white, pink, yellow and black colors are seen. 
Numerous other beautiful stones suitable for all building pur- 
poses, are found. Many of these deposits are easily accessi- 
ble from White River. In quality the finer grades equal the 
marbles of Tennessee or Georgia and offer peculiar induce- 
ments for the establishment of works by marble workers. The 
stone can here be cut to standard sizes and shipped unencum- 
bered by waste material. To such works a further profit 
would accrue from the cutting of alabaster and onyx. 

Kaolin (a silicate of alumina), used in the manufacture of 
china. The inferior graded, for coarser ware, color, milk-white \ 
soft, breaks with a conchoidal fracture, resembles chalk in ap- 
pearance. A choice grade occurs in a deposit in Boone county. 
(For other localities, see list.) Would permit the founding of 
a profitable industry. 

Talc (a silicate of magnesia) occurs here only in small quan- 
tities. Color, white, red, yellow or green; soft; easily cut by 
the finger nail ; feels soapy ; somewhat pearly in lustre ; the 
red clays occurring in zinc and lead deposits and other sil- 
icates are talcose clays, but not talc; lime is in them, the pre- 
dominatinating ingredient. No working of any magnitude 
should be carried on in them without timbering, as they close 
in without warning. 

Quartz (massive form) occurs in all parts of the region. 
Color, white ; hardness 7, an associate of ores in some depos- 
its; has been mistaken for marionite (a zinc ore); quartz will 
scratch glass, marionite will not ; heated to redness, marionite 
turns yellow, quartz remains white. 

Onyx (quartz). — A few fine examples of this stone is found in 
the beds of streams ; now is but little used in jewelry; color, 
milk-white and opake, and bluish white and translucent, alter- 
nating with each other; hardness 7 ; formerly used for cutting 
into cameos. 



88 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

Jasper (quartz). — Color, red, yellow and brown, of various 
shades, opake ; hardness 7. Of no value. Occurs as above. 

Flint (quartz). — Color, grey, yellow, blackish ; occurs in nod- 
ular masses ; covered with a white chalky coat ; fracture con- 
choidal ; lustre glimmering to greasy, translucent on the edges, 
gives sparks of fire when struck with steel ; scratches glass. 

Nitre Earths. — White River is for many miles bordered by 
limestone bluffs, which rise from the water's edge to an altitude 
of two to three hundred feet. Extensive caverns are quite 
common to the formation. Numbers of these caves "occurring 
near the summit," contain vast deposits of nitre earths yield- 
ing two to four per cent, of nitric acid, and " after treatment" 
an ochreous residue " of a fine brown red color," well adapted 
to use as a mineral paint. From one such deposit " measuring 
3000 feet in length by 500 in widtri, to which measurements 
those of numerous unexplored passages are to be added," 100 
pounds of the earth was taken and delivered to the author for 
treatment by the method followed in working on a commercial 
scale. The product of such treatment, was eight pounds of 
crystallized nitrate of potash (quoted in market at \o\ cents 
per pound). This is equivalent to 160 pounds of nitre to the 
ton, which at 8 cents per pound would give $12. 80. The ochre 
would now sell at 2f cents per pound, giving $8.25, or a total 
of $21.05 P er ton °f earth treated. The product of fine ochre 
will approximate one and a half tons to each ten tons of earth, 
and a coarser grade remain, which might, perhaps, find a ready 
market. 

Process of Treatment, — The soluble constituents being leached 
out by means of water, the requisite quantity of potash lye is 
added to the water, from which, on boiling, the carbonates of 
1 me and magnesia subside. The liquor is then evaporated to 
the crystallizing point, and then run into crystallizing pans. The 
ochrey residue is dried, heated to redness, and is then ready 
for the paint manufacturers. 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 89 

Cost of Treating Ten Tons of Earth. 

Mining and delivering to the works, 20 cents per ton $ 2 00 

Grinding and lixiviating, 75 cents per ton 7 50 

Boiling, etc, fuel and labor, $2 per ton 20 00 

Lye, leachings of ashes, 50 cents per ton 10 00 

Packing and freight to St. Louis, $4.50 per ton 18 00 

Total $57 50 

Product — 1600 pounds nitrate of potash, at 8 cents per pound $128 00 

3000 pounds ochre at 2^ cents per pound 82 50 

Total $210 50 

Profit $15300 

A plant of ten tons daily capacity, can be erected and put in 
operation for $1200. Stone for furnaces is on site ; fuel to be 
had at the cost of cutting and hauling. The earth can be deliv- 
ered by chutes to the works, the product thence, by the same 
means, on boats, to St. Louis. 

Potash Works. — The commercial value of potash, and the 
extended list of chemicals of which it is the basis, attaches to 
this industry an importance, which, if taken together with the 
peculiar facilities offered for its successful founding, affords 
every assurance of large returns. The actual cost of works is 
entirely dependent upon its desired magnitude. One pot and 
a few hoppers sufficed among northern men, who during certain 
seasons left their farms to engage in this industry. Works 
adapted to the manufacture of various potash salts, and pro- 
ducing an output of #lOO per day, can be erected at a cost not 
exceeding $1000. 

The products of such works would embrace the following : 
crude carbonate of potash, 10 cents per pound ; caustic potash, 
20 cents per pound; ferrocyanide of potash, 40 cents per 
pound; Prussian blue, 60 cents per pound. These products 
are staple goods ; the demand is constant, as but few arts and 
manufactures do not consume large quantities. Fuel is so 
plentiful that it can be had for cutting and hauling. 

Pearls. — Pearls are small bodies found within the shells of 
the pearl oyster and a fresh water species of mussel. They 
are caused by disease, a parasite or the presence of foreign 



90 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

matter. Pearls consist of carbonate of lime and organic mat- 
ter, and are not always pearly throughout, a small hole or 
nucleus are invariably present. If round ; of good color; and 
fine lustre, are very valuable, the value increasing rapidly 
with that in size. The finest white pearls come from India, 
Persian gulf and Panama; black and grey from lower Califor- 
nia. Several fine, large pearls have been submitted me for exami- 
nation, the owners having found them in the White and Buffalo 
Rivers, in the former of which streams the author has also found 
them in the common mussel. The systematic hunting for 
these gems would certainly prove profitable. 

Pyrites of Iron. — Sulphide of iron. Color, brass to gold — 
yellow. Hardness, 6. With steel strikes fire; rubbed on a 
white stone gives a brownish black mark ; brittle. Occurs in 
many forms; here only ; massive or disseminated, in ores and 
rocks. A valued source of sulphuric acid, copperas and mineral 
paints. In some places, also, as a source of sulphur, sometimes 
contains gold. But two or three deposits of such extent as to 
justify working occur in this region ; the accessibility to navi- 
gation, character and extent of deposit, abundance of fuel, etc., 
offers unexcelled facilities for the founding of a profitable in- 
industry. 

Guano. — In caverns, similar to those written of in treating of 
nitre, occur enormous deposits of guano. This guano is the 
droppings of the innumerable bats, which have for centuries 
inhabited these caves. Incorporated with it is the remains of 
animals and other organic matter. In richness of fertilizing 
elements it is superior to the best Peruvian guano shipped to 
this country; containing a larger percentage of available ni- 
trates, phosphates and ammonia. The cost of mining will not 
exceed 50 cents per ton. A market offers in the plantations 
of Louisiana, and to the manufacturer of ammonia, a profitable 
industry. 

Mineral Paints. — Available to use in the manufacture of min- 
eral paints. The region affords deposits of ochre and umber; 
the residue from nitre manufacture ; that from the burning of 
iron pyrites, numerous iron ores, lead, copper and zinc. 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 91 

Facilities for Smelting Ores. — No facilities for the smelting 
of their ores, is available to the miners of the region other than 
those offered by the very limited capacity of the author's sam- 
pling works, the capacity (daily) of which is limited to the re- 
duction of 800 pounds of lead ore; or 400 pounds of copper 
01 e; or 100 pounds of zinc ore. Increased capacity will 
-hortly be given these works, by putting in operation " for the 
reduction of zinc ore," the author's process of lixiviation, by 
which means better facilities will be afforded the miner, still 
not such as the region requires and the welfare of the miner 
demands. An unexcelled field offers here for the election of 
reduction plants, using wood or charcoal as fuel. The enor- 
mous water power available renders the location peculiarly 
well adapted to the requirements of an electric smelting plant. 
The character and quality of the ores, their accessibility and 
low cost, cheapness of transportation, fuel, labor and desirable 
sites, are among the advantages the region offers to such in- 
dustry. In the absence of adequate local ore markets it is 
difficult to estimate the probable output of ore. Suffice it to say 
that some four or more properties are sufficiently well devel- 
oped to supply two or more smelters for years to come. 

Ore Crushers. — Several choice locations offer in this region 
for the establishment of small custom crushers ; such com- 
pleted, need not exceed $1200 to $1500. 

Local Markets. — The absence of local ore markets debars 
from mining those who are dependent upon the proceeds of 
each day's labor, and is the source of the seeming indifference 
of our people to mining operations. 

Railroads. — The. outlook is very promising. Several sur- 
veys traverse the region in various directions and construction 
work on one began. A company recently organized has in 
hand the construction of a road from Springfield, Mo., to 
Sabine Pass, Tex., which, if built, will pass through this region 
and give us access to the coal fields near Little Rock. Bates- 
ville, " on White River," West Plains and Springfield, Mo., 
and Eureka Springs, Ark., are now our nearest railroad points. 



92 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

the distance to any one of which is seventy-five to one hun- 
dred miles. 

Timber. — For mining purposes and tramway construction is 
abundant and accessible. 

PROGRESS IN METALLURGY. 

The past twenty years has been remarkable for the wonder- 
ful achievments in all branches of industry. This period has 
been characterized by boldness of design, brilliant conceptions 
of and practical embodiment of ideas that heretofore seemed 
visionary and the offspring of folly. The sweeping aside of the 
supposed boundary lines, that in ignorance, was esteemed to 
encircle all things attainable to man, has opened up to inventive 
genius, fields vast and fruitful, whose boundaries are fixed by 
God himself in the outer limits of space. Each discovery that 
is made, whereby the apparent power of the earth, to afford 
sustenance to population is increased, is but a manifestation of 
the wisdom of the Creator, who has so provided it that so 
long as he wills that time should last, so long the earth can 
support and sustain the lives of those upon it. In time of 
necessity, the idea comes, as also the man to embody it. He 
opens and nature yields to him the treasures of her vaults, and 
increase in prosperity follows. In few industries has advance 
been more radical than in the arts of metallurgy. Startling 
innovations, have, with unexampled rapidity, been introduced 
to the setting aside of old methods of procedure and the cum- 
bersome appliances which had found use for centuries. Du- 
rability, simplicity, economy and portability, combined with 
rapidity of action has been the desiderata, and has culminated 
in the Eureka portable smelting furnace, which in size ranges 
from one hundred pounds to as many tons as desired and 
is indicative of the capacity. The simplicity of construc- 
tion and durability of parts, renders it within the powers of 
any to make requisite repairs. The perfection of its adapta- 
bility may be seen in that, a blacksmith can, by the use of 
aluminum alloy composite, with the smaller sized furnace, 
which he can carry, make ninety to one hundred and twenty 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 93 

pounds of malleable steel castings every halt" hour. The gold, 
silver, copper, lead or zinc miner, can, however, remote and 
inaccessible, his mine may be, readily, by means of this fur- 
nace, put the product of his mines into a marketable form, of 
such nature as to bear heavy transportation charges, and so 
enable him to effect the development of his mine. The fur- 
nace can, in a few minutes, be changed from a capula to a 
crucible furnace, in which it is adapted to the reduction of 
zinc, antimony, or other volatile ores. In the reduction of 
other ores the process is continuous, and the daily output of 
metal from the smaller sizes will aggregate 600 to 1000 pounds. 
It is a furnace of this description that is used by the author 
in his sampling works for the smelting of lead and copper 
ores, and the distillation of zinc. It can there be seen in opera- 
tion almost daily, as it is now the only smelting facility offered 
the miners of the region. This furnace is the invention of 
Mr. C. H. Hartsfeldt (the energetic and progressive president 
and manager of the Hartsfeldt Furnace and Reduction Com- 
pany, of Newport, Ky.), who is also the inventor of an elec- 
tric furnace for the smelting of ores and the reduction of 
aluminum, direct from aluminum clays, and the fabrication of 
aluminum and nickel alloys, for use in increasing the fluidity 
of metals and the securance of smooth malleable steel or iron 
castings. 

GEOGONY OF DYKES, ORE VEINS AND FISSURES. 

[Note. — First written as one of a series of lectures, for one 
of the author's classes in mining geology.] 

Primitive rocks are those whose period of formation is con- 
sidered as antecedent to that of the creation of organic beings. 
The members of this division occur in both the stratified and 
unstratified condition, and all rest upon a foundation of granite, 
the lowermost of all known rocks. The primitive position of 
the overlaying beds, or sedimentary deposits, was that of hori- 
zontal layers, and such position may be retained, or may have, 
through the action of subterranean forces, been so altered that 



94 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

the stratas are found inclining from the horizontal at various 
degrees. 

Such alteration or change of position may with propriety be 
regarded as the primitive result of the action of such interi r, 
deep-seated forces as, secondary to it, in order of sequence, is 
first, the bursting asunder, along the lines of least resistance, 
of the various stratas comprising the formation subjected to 
disturbance; and second, the consequent opening up of rents 
and fissures, with their attendant systems of lesser ones; and 
third, the filling in of the fissures, so effected, with matter, 
molten or plastic, injected from lower depths. 

The alterations effected in the character of the members of 
a formation in contact with such intrusive matter, are greater, 
more radical and widely extended, than those effected in posi- 
tion, but at present we will only consider such of these as can 
justly be regarded as characteristic of vein structure. 

General Characteristics. — The rock adjacent to, and com- 
posing the formation traversed by a vein, is termed the coun- 
try rock, and differs in character and kind from the structural 
matter of the vein (except when granite veins occur in a 
granite formation). The rock, which bounds the wealth of the 
vein, is known as the wall rock. That which overhangs the 
vein matter, as the hanging wall, the lower as the foot wall. 
In regions where the dip is northward, the hanging wall is 
designated the north wall, the lower the south wall. 

Where the walls and vein are in contact, there is usually 
found a seam, in thickness varying from that barely percepti- 
ble to one of a foot or more filled in with a soft, soapy-like 
earth of various colors (Talc). Such seam is known as 
selvage. It may be present at the juncture on both sides of 
the vein, or absent from one or both. It is rather a charac- 
teristic of the foot wall. 

The upper or hanging wall, sometimes the lower also, where 
in contact with the vein, is found marked and grooved by stria- 
tions and more or less polished. This appearance, resulting 
from the abrasion of surfaces through the passage of the vein 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 95 

matter upward, is called slickensides, and the matter enclosed 
by the walls, the veinstone. 

The direction traversed by a vein, is termed its strike or 
trend, and is determined by a compass. The inclination of a 
vein is the angle such inclination forms with the horizon, and 
is found by use of a quadrant or clinometer. 

The dip of a vein is the direction of the inclination, and is 
always at right angles to the strike. 

In length, the variation of veins is very great, some extend- 
ing but a short distance only, while others can be traced for 
miles. In width, the variation is scarcely less great, some oc- 
curring in width no greater than the thickness of paper, others 
again having a width of many feet. Where the intrusive 
matter is from below, the depth is unknown. The course of 
veins are more frequently than not, indicated by detached and 
more or less decomposed portions of the vein matter, together 
with depressions of sinks, termed blowouts, and masses of vein 
matter elevated above the surface, known as chimneys. 

Veins are divided into two classes, viz.: Dikes and veins 
proper. In the former the walls are parallel, the width and 
direction constant, and the containditure known volcanic rocks, 
as trachyte, trap or basalt, arranged in massive forms with a 
more or less perfect transverse fracture, through which, by 
weathering, an appearance of a transverse column or structure 
is afforded. The intrusive matter is regardless of kind the 
same thoroughout. 

The latter, on the contrary, are distinguished by numerous 
small veins (feeders) entering at various angles from a given 
course. The presence of marked expansions and contractions 
in width throughout its length, variation in course, faultings, 
interruptions and the presence of enclosures of country rock 
(known as horses), and that as depth is attained, there is an in- 
crease in width. And also, that the vein matter is not of 
trappean origin, and is composed of several matters. Further, 
the selvage of dikes is earthy or of laminated structure, ar- 
ranged parallel to the walls. Dikes are sometimes metallifer- 



96 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

ous, when so, the ores are in immediate contact with the wall 
or found penetrating its substance. 

A vein may or may not be metalliferous. If the former, it 
is termed a lead or lode, and the vein matter inclosing the ores 
or metals, the matrix, gangue, or veinstone, and the apex, or 
that part visible above ground, the outcrop. Fragments of 
ore, or of a known metalliferous rock, are known as float. 
Through the presence or absence of exterior features indica- 
tive of their presence, leads or lodes are subdivided into two 
classes, both agreeing in all respects, except that in the one 
instance, either through not reaching the surface, or being cov- 
ered by a formation of later date, or the material brought down 
by a mountain slide, the one gives no visible evidence of its 
existence ; such are designated as blind leads or lodes. 

The foregoing are the true fissure and contact veins of the 
miner, and are so called in contradistinction to those formed 
by the overflow of vein matter entering fissures opening down- 
ward, being widest at the surface and narrowing as depth is 
attained, and of limited extent ; such, are false fissures. 

Veinstones. — The vein matter commonest to, and forming 
the matrix of, the ores ; of this vein system are quartz, granite, 
feldspar, porphyry, calc-spar, baryta and fluor-spar. 

Associated Ores. — Quartz is, par excellence, the first of vein 
stones, there seeming to be a peculiar affinity existing between 
this substance and metals and their ores. Gold, platina, silver 
and bismuth are common to it in native form. Also, the ores 
of silver, copper, nickel, cobalt, tin, antimony, lead, zinc, py- 
rites of iron (usually auriferous), iron and manganese ores, 
usually in small quantity in the upper portions of the vein and 
are generally argentiferous or auriferous. 

Granite as a vein stone; is characterized by the occurrence 
of greater deposits of tin ore than is found in any other vein 
stone — opal, topaz, beryl, rock crystal, corundum and magnetic 
iron ore, and pyrites of iron are of common occurrence. 

Feld spar, occurs as a vein stone of many veins, few of 
which have proved productive of ores in quantity ; sulphide of 
copper, of lead and iron being commonest. 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 97 

Porphyry, as a vein-stone for productiveness of ores, both in 
kind and quantity, is scarcely inferior to quartz. 

The spars, pearl "satin" and calc spar, are found as- 
sociated most frequently with the ores of zinc and lead in the 
order named, and these, together with baryta and fluor-spar, are 
found as the matrix of ores of silver, mercury, copper, cobalt, 
nickel, arsenic. Lead and zinc, mineralized by carbonic acid, 
arsenic, selenium, sulphur, tellurium, chlorine, iodine and bro- 
mine, in supposed igneous veins, which we will consider under 
a separate division, 

Distribution of Ores. — The ore containditure of veins are 
variously arranged. They may occur disseminated through- 
out certain portions of the matrix or gangue, in scales, wires, 
platy pieces, shots, spangles, nuggets, in crystals of various 
forms, or in extensive compact masses; also, in reniform and 
other shaped forms, arranged in layers or in other manner, 
separated by more or less extensive portions of barren vein 
stone, no vein being metalliferous throughout its extent. 

Structure of Veins. — Comparatively few minerals enter into 
the structure " of some veins," and these are massive and in- 
timately aggregated together. Other veins, again, are com- 
posed of various minerals, which show but little regularity of 
structure or arrangement of parts. Openings more or less 
extensive are found filled in with earth or as druses of crystals 
of quartz, or with water. 

Chemistry oj Veins. — The contact " more or less intimate " 
of the various differing constituents of the veinstone, and the 
more greatly varied ones of its metalliferous enclosures in the 
presence of moisture introduced from above, through the me- 
dia of the selvage matter, is productive of a series of chemi- 
cal actions and reactions, and the generation of galvanic or 
electric forces, through the combined agency of which, radi- 
cal alterations are effected in the character of the veinstone, 
the species of ores and their mode of arrangement. The re- 
sults of such actions are most evident in the upper parts of 
the veins and in those portions nearest in contact with the 
walls. 

K— 7 



98 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

Exterior Indications of the Presence of Veins — When a vein 
has reached the surface, its direction is either wholly or in part 
outlined by fragments of the veinstone along its direction. Such 
fragments are derived from the disintegration of the veinstone 
by atmospheric agencies. Such ores or metals as may have 
been enclosed are freed, "in part, at least," and either retain 
the primitive form, or undergo a change of form, more or less 
" under both circumstances " remaining in situ. The exposed 
portions of the vein is its outcrop. Erratic fragments of its rock 
or ore found on the hillside, or in the valley ore known as 
float. 

Colored stains " of metallic oxides " occur in and on the 
adjacent earth, rocks and often on the stems and leaves of 
plants. Such stains determine the metalliferous character of 
the vein, and further are indicative of the nature of its con- 
tents, as various shades of green are due to the presence of 
nickel, copper, iron, the latter a combination with organic 
acids. Those of red, to that of iron, lead, mercury. Those 
of yellow, to that of iron, antimony and lead. Those of black, 
to that of manganese, iron, sometimes copper. Combinations 
of these stains are, of course, deceptive. A number of ores, 
especially those of iron, occur with tarnishes variegated and 
of metallic lustre. Such result from the iron being in combi- 
nation with an organic acid and are disregarded. 

Prospecting, (i. e., a hunting for mineral deposits.) — As is 
evident, to be successful in the hunt necessitates the following, 
viz.: To know where to look, when to look, what to look for 
and to know the thing when found. Many dollars and much 
labor has been spent needlessly in all mining regions in work- 
ing something of supposed value. The instructions given 
which have reference only^to the occurrences of this region, will, 
if fully utilized, enable one to prospect to some advantage. 
Selecting your field of operation you will begin at the lower 
end of a gulch or valley. Directing your step toward its source 
you will carefully observe each rock or boulder passed, bear- 
ing in mind that the outer weathered surface ot the rock is no 
index of its character. You will break off fragments by 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 99 

which to determine its color, texture, weight, method of cleav- 
age, etc. On finding a fragment of ore, or of a mineral-bear- 
ing rock, you will proceed to trace it to its source, the deposit. 
Such deposit may be at the head of the valley or at any eleva- 
tion on the mountain to your right or left. To effect its loca- 
tion proceed as before until that point is attained above which 
you can find no more float. Should the formation of one 
side of the valley be such as to preclude the possibility of ore 
or rock rolling from it, you know that the source of supply 
must be the other side. You now, from the place at which 
the last float was found, ascend the mountain, zig-zagging 
across its face, carefully examining each rock, earth or stain ob- 
served, remembering that a few inches of earth, leaves, moss or 
sticks may effectually conceal the deposit from your sight ; 
also, that the outcrop or exposure of ore may not exceed in 
size an inch or two. Usually, you will find unmistakable evi- 
dences of the presence of the deposit as you approach. Should 
you be unsuccessful on one side try the other. If, in your 
ascent of the mountain, you reach a point above which no 
float is observed, cross cut a few feet above the point where 
float was last observed, and in general, the deposit will be 
found. Once knowing the ore-bearing stratas, you can con- 
fine your operations to them, following their exposures. In so 
doing, where the vein stone is deeply eroded, disintegrated, 
you will find float abundant ; from which along the pathway 
of this float, you will examine for the presence of local faults, 
sinks and crevices, any of which may have formed the recep- 
tacle of the eroded ores and now be an extensive deposit. A 
very small outcrop of ore may be the visible evidence of a 
very large deposit, and hence demands attention. In this re- 
gion iron ore quite frequently is the only outcrop of zinc and 
lead ores. Such, together with erratic fragments of the ores 
themselves, and of the vein stone, form the guides of the 
prospector, who should, under no circumstances, cast aside an 
unknown mineral. Many rich ores to the eye afford no evi- 
dence of their nature ; silver and gold may be present in pay- 
ing quantities, yet not visible. 



IOO NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

LOCATION OF CLAIMS. 

On discovering a deposit of mineral on vacant " unclaimed " 
government land, you may secure such deposit by locating it 
in the manner as provided by the U. S. Mining Statutes, 
" the location notice being to all intents and purposes as good 
as a deed, so long as the law is complied with." In the loca- 
tion of the tract of land claimed by you, you will correctly as 
the means at your disposal admits of, measure each side of the 
claim, establishing each corner by blazing a tree on two sides 
facing the direction of the lines, and piling up a few rocks at 
its base, or by driving a stake. (Should you blaze out each 
line, you will do well, as such blazes indicate to all other pros- 
pectors that such land is claimed, and the completeness of 
your description will, " should adverse claims arise," protect 
your location and fix the ownership in you. Your location 
must conform with U. S. surveys. Where you made the dis- 
covery of mineral, you will post in a conspicious place a no- 
tice. For form, see convenient forms.) 

A copy of this notice is recorded with the County Clerk. 
" In the absence of an organized mining district," where such is 
existant, then with the recorder of the district. Greater safety 
and escape from annoyance may be had by recording with 
both officials. See that no mistakes occur, as your ownership 
is greatly dependent upon the perfection of your description 
of the land claimed. Not more than 160 acres can be held 
under cover of a single location, notice but as many loca- 
tions may be made, as the extent of vacant land admits, and 
the locator desires. A claim is twenty acres, and is located in 
one name, each additional twenty acres requiring an additional 
name, eight names being requisite in the location of a claim of 
160 acres. After the location of your claim, you have until the 
1st of January next, succeeding the date of location (unless such 
date be January 1st), in which to perform your annual assessment 
work, viz., $100 which may be spent in opening a road, building 
a house, digging a well, etc. " Provided, such is necessitated 
for the proper working of the claim," opening up the ore de- 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. IOI 

posits, etc., etc. After the doing of #500 worth of development 
{whether in one or in five years), you can obtain patent "for 
method of procedure, see U. S. Mining Statutes.") The 
most extensive and desirable ore deposits occur in greatest 
numbers upon lands so located and held, for the reason that 
prior to our people becoming acquainted with the value of 
ores, they selected for homesteading such lands as were most 
valuable for agricultural purposes, and as but a very few acres of 
tillable land occurs in association with the ore deposits, which 
in general are found in streams, bluffs, ravines, and on the 
sides of steep mountains, such lands were not then desired 
and have since been withdrawn from homestead entry. 

EQUIPMENT OF PROSPECTORS. 

As in prospecting, your field of operations will lie in the 
rockiest, roughest and most broken mountainous portions, 
some danger is attendant upon your efforts through the chance 
misstep, rolling rocks, etc. It is therefore best and safest for 
two prospectors to work in company A light poll pick, a 
light round-pointed shovel, a small stone hammer (chisel- 
shaped at both ends), a hatchet, a small magnifying glass, a 
compass, a pouch " for specimens," and a leather belt (sup- 
ported by a shoulder-strap), to which the hammer, hatchet, 
pouch, etc., may be hung, completes the equipment, unless it 
be desired to explore caves, in which case, a coil of light, but 
strong rope, a bull's-eye lantern, a bottle of oil, a box of 
matches, and a ball of strong twine is added. The twine is 
called into use, where from the presence of numerous pas- 
sages, doubts as to that leading to the open air may arise. In 
entering a cavern, on reaching such a place, never neglect 
fastening an end of the twine securely to a rock in the main 
passage, then permitting the twine to play out as you go, you 
lay a safe guide by which to retrace your steps, or by which 
others might find you, should accidents happen. It is also 
well to leave a token of your presence at the entrance of the 
cave. A woolen shirt should be worn, ducking or denims 
should clothe the lower limbs, and leather leggings " reaching 



IC2 NATURAL RESOUREES OF 

to or above the knee," be worn as protection to clothing,, 
and from a chance snakebite. 

ORES — METHOD OF OCCURRENCE. 

[Note. — The following will be found of assistance in fixing 
the character of the mine and in directing its working:] 

Metallic ores exist in four ways. 1st. In irregular masses. 
2d. In fissures or veins crossing the strata, filled with ores en- 
closed in some matrix. 3d. In regular interstratified beds or 
layers. 4th. Intermixed in small fragments among rocks. 

OCCURRENCE OF ORE DEPOSITS. 

Silver occurs in primary and transition rocks, as quartz, 
porphry, syenite, lower sandstone and sometimes in coal beds. 

Gold, as above, abundantly in the sands of some rivers. 

Platinum, osmium, iridium, rhodium and pallidaum almost 
invariably associated. Occurs almost wholly in the sands of 
rivers. 

Mercury occurs in slate, limestone and coal strata. 

Copper occurs in primary and transition rocks; also some- 
times in magnesian limestone and sandstone. 

Iron occurs in all formations. 

Tin occurs in granite, gneiss, mica-slate and in alluvial de- 
posits. 

Antimony occurs in transition and secondary rocks. 

Zinc and lead occurs in primary transition rocks (except 
trap and serpentine), stratified magnesian limestone. The 
rocks here named are those encountered by the miner in the 
mining of ores. 

Number of Cubic Feet Removed from an Excavation. 

Loose earth 24 . Earth with gravel 17-8 

Clay 18.6 Clay with gravel I4-4- 

Coarse sand 18.6 Soil (common) '5-6 

The volume of earth and sand in place exceeds that in the 
embankment in the following proportions : Sand, 1-7 ; clay, 
1-9; gravel, I— 1 1 ; rock in large fragments, \— I. 

List of Tools adequate to the requirements of a working force 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 



103 



of four to six men; ample provision is made for breakage, wear, 
etc. : Three sets of drills of 5 drills each, of the following lengths, 
cut from i|-inch octagon steel bars. Each drill must be bitted 
to follow the cut of the lead drill ; 2, 18-inch lead drills ; IO, 36- 
inch followers ; 2; 60-inch followers ; " these last will be but little 
used ;" 2, 36-inch and 1 , 60-inch iron spoons and tamping bars ; 
6, !2-inch ixi soft steel gads, 3, 6-pound striking hammers, 
2, 14 pound rock hammers, 2, 6-foot crowbars, 6 poll picks, 4 
double pointed picks (miner's). (" Note. — It is very difficult 
to carry down the walls of drift, cut, as shaft, with the straight 
common railroad picks.") Four shor*--handed, round-pointed 
shovels, 3 long-handled shovels, 2 iron-wheeled wheelbarrows ; 
1 pair crimpers for "crimping caps around fuse;" dynamite, 
fuse and caps in sufficient quantity. 

The following also is required for above force, but need not 
be increased for a force ten times its size : 

One small portable forge, I, 75-pound anvil, 2, 2-pound black- 
smith hammers, 3 pairs tongs, I Hardy, I cut-off, I cold chisel, 
4, 18-inch files, 1 set 8-inch car wheels, I rip saw, I crosscut saw, 
1, 2-inch, I, i-inch, I, f-inch and I, J-inch bits and augurs, I 
hatchet, hammer, 1 broadaxe, 4 axes, I, 6-foot crosscut saw, 
IGO feet i^-inch rope, 1 tape line (50 feet), 1 carpenter's 
square. 

Table of Specific Gravities. — By means of this table and a 
tape line the contents of ore dumps, etc., can be closely ap- 
proximated, due allowance being made for foreign matters 
present : 

Quartz weighs 162 lbs. to the cubic foot; 12.34 cubic feet, 



Chalcopyrite. 


♦ 262 




« 312 




■ 461 


Black Jack . . 


449 


Limestone. . . 


174 



7.63 

6.41 

4.34 

4.08 

11.50 



ton 









104 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

LEGAL FORMS. 

[Form i.] Miner's Lien. 

Knotv all men by these presents: That I, ,...., 

of the County of State of 

do hereby give notice of my intention to hold and claim a lien, 
by virtue of the statute in such cases made and provided, upon 

[describe premises] with all improvements and 

appurtenances, situated in mining district, 

County of State of 

Said lien being claimed and held for and on account of work 

and labor done by me, as , for 

owner of said premises, from the .... day of , 

A. D. 189.., to the day of , A. D. 189.. 

The total value of the said work and labor being 

dollars, upon which there has been paid the sum of 

dollars, leaving a balance of dollars still due, owing and 

unpaid, to me, the said claimant. 

[signature]. 

State of , County of , ss. 

On this day of , A. D. 189 . . , personally 

appeared before me, the above named , who, being 

by me first duly sworn, on .... oath states that the above ab- 
stract of indebtedness, mentioned and described in the fore- 
going notice, is true and correct, and that there is still due and 

owing to from the said , for the 

aforesaid, the sum of dollars and .... cents. 

[signature]. 

Subscribed and sworn to before me, this day of 

A. D. 189.. 

, [official signature]. 

Note. — For materials, insert " for goods furnished and de- 
livered to owners of said premises, for use on said premises, 
and which were used on said premises." Below " materials 
furnished, to-wit, powder, lumber, etc., as per bill annexed," 
in place of " work and labor." 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. 105 

[Form 2.] Power of Attorney to Locate and Sell. 

Know all men by these presents: That we, the undersigned, 
....[names].... citizens of the United States, have made, 
•constituted and appointed A. B., [some third person, who will 
locate and stake,] our true and lawful attorney, for us and in 
our names, to locate, stake and record for|us, each lode, claims 

and placer mining ground, in the State of , County 

of , and, having located the same, to bargain, sell, 

grant, release and convey the same, entire or in separate par- 
cels, to make proper deeds, seal, acknowledge and deliver the 
same, to such persons as our attorney may desire ; hereby rat- 
ifying and confirming all lawful acts done by our said attorney 
by virtue hereof. 

Witness our hands and seals, this .... day of ..... 189. . 
[names.] 

State of , , County of , ss. 

On this .... day of , A. D., 189 . . , before me, 

in and for the county and State aforesaid, appeared . , 

, personally known to me as the persons whose 

names are subscribed to the foregoing power of attorney, and 
acknowledged the execution thereof as their free act and deed, 
for the purposes^therein mentioned. 

Given under my hand and seal, the day and year above 
written. 



Option. 

For and in consideration of the sum of dollars, to me 

in hand paid, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, 
and the undertaking of to pay the sum of 

dollars on or before the .... day of 189 .... , 

hereby grant, bargain, sell and convey unto the said 

, and to his heirs, successors and assigns, upon the 

consideration hereinafter written, the following described land, 

situated in County, State of Arkansas, to-wit : 

[Here insert description of land.] If said shall fail to 



106 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

pay the sum hereinbefore named within the times set forth, 
this conveyance shall be void and all rights and liabilities of 
either party thereunder shall cease, and said land shall revert 

to without any reconveyance from the said , , And 

I, , wife of hereby release and relinquish unto 

said grantee all my right of dower in said lands. 

Witness our hands this .... day of 189. .. 

[Acknowledgment and jurat.] 



Quit-claim Deed 

Know all men by these presents, That we , and 

, his wife, in consideration of the sum of dol- 
lars, to paid by do hereby grant, sell and 

quitclaim unto the said and unto his heirs and as- 
signs forever, the following lands lying in the County of ...... , 

and State of Arkansas, to-wit : [Describe property here.] 

To have and to hold the same unto the said and unto 

his heirs and assigns forever with all appurtenances thereto 

belonging, , and I , wife of the said , 

for and in consideration of the said sum of money, do hereby 

release and velinquish unto the said , all my right of 

dower in and to. said lands. 

Witness our hands and seal this .... day of , 189 .. . 

jurat. [seal.] 



Mineral Location Notice. 

State of Arkansas, | 

County of f The Mining District 

Notice is hereby given that I citizen of the United 

States, hereby, on this day of 189. ., locate 

and claim as placer ground, in virtue of discovery, and by 
compliance with requirements of the United States mining 
laws, and the local rules and regulatious of the district, the 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. IO7 

following described mineral lands, for the purpose of mining 
the ores of copper, zinc, lead and such others as may be 

found thereon. The name of this mine is the 

And is described as follows, to wit.: From this location 

notice at point of discovery 

(Here describe the land, its boundaries, etc.) Including 
all parallel veins, beds or other deposits of ores of whatsoever 
nature, within said boundaries, the same being situated 

in section , Tp Rn County of 

, State of Arkansas. All persons are cautioned, 

under the penalty of the law, not to cut timber, or remove 
ores, or otherwise trespass upon said property. 

Witnesses Locator 



Form of Acknowledgment. 
State of ) 

v ss. 

County of J 

I a Notary Public in and for said County of , 

in the State aforesaid, do hereby certify that per- 
sonally known to me to be the person whose name is sub- 
scribed to the annexed deed, appeared- before me this day in 
person, and acknowledged that he signed, sealed and delivered 
the said instrument of writing, as his free and voluntary act, 
for the uses and purposes therein set forth. 

Given under my hand and official seal, this , day of 

A. D. 189.. 

Term expires Notary Public. 



Escrow Agreement. 
Where a deed is made in escrow the deed is enclosed in a 
sealed envelope and placed in the hands of some responsible 
party for safe-keeping, who will, on the fulfillment of the fol- 
lowing agreement written upon the envelope, make delivery of 
the deed: 



108 NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

FORM OF AGREEMENT TO BE WRITTEN ON ENVELOPE. 

The enclosed deed of the lode or mine is hereby- 
placed in the hands of (person or bank) of in escrow. 

If shall place or cause to be placed to the credit of 

and in the said (person or bank) on or be- 
fore the .... day of. . . ., 189. ., the full sum of dollars, 

then and in that case the said (person or bank) is hereby au- 
thorized to deliver the enclosed deed to or his order. 

In case the said shall not place or cause to be placed 

to the credit of the said and in said (bank 

or person) the full sum of dollars on or before 

189. ., then the said bank is hereby authorized to deliver the 

enclosed deed to the said and or their joint 

order. Sign with three names, give place and date. 



Proof of Labor. 

State of Arkansas, 1 

' Vss. 

County of ) 

Before me the, subscriber, personally appeared , who 

being duly sworn, says that at least dollars' worth of 

labor or improvements were performed or made upon 

situated, mining district, County of , State of 

during the year ending , 1 89 . . Such ex- 
penditure was made by or at the expense of , owners 

of said claim, for the purpose of holding said claim. 

[Seal.] 



This Agreement, Made and entered into this .... day of 

A. D. one thousand eight hundred and by and 

between of the County of , State of , 

and , of the County of State of of the 

second part: 

Witnesseth, That for the consideration of the sum of .... 
dollars, in hand paid by the said party of the second part, to the 
party of the first part, the receipt of which is hereby acknowl- 



BOONE AND MARION COUNTIES. IOO, 

edged by the said party of the first part ; and in considera- 
tion of the further covenents, agreements and stipulations, 
hereinafter mentioned, on the part of the said party of the 
second part, the said party of the first part hereby leases unto 

the said party of the second part heirs and assigns all 

the lead, zinc and other minerals, in, under, or upon the follow- 
ing described tract or parcel of land, being situated in town- 
ship ... range , County of , and State of , 

and bounded and described as follows, to-wit : 

And the said party of the first part, also, hereby further give, 
grant and convey unto the said party of the second part. . . . 

heirs and assigns, as well as workmen and laborers, 

the right, privilege and license to enter upon the above de- 
scribed land at any and all times hereafter, and search and ex- 
plore thereon for said lead, zinc and other minerals, and when 
found to exist on said land, to dig, mine and remove the same 
therefrom, together with all, and singular, the rights, privileges, 
licenses and easements, necessary or incident, or in any wise 
necessary or appertaining to the proper prosecution of the 
business of mining and removing said lead, zinc and other 
minerals, and also the right of way for all necessary roads and 
railroads over any portion of said land, and the right to erect 
thereon all necessary structures, buildings and fixtures of every 
kind necessary in the prosecution of said business, and the 
right to occupy a sufficient area of the surface of said land for 
stock and storing the said lead, zinc and other minerals, or 
other substances, and the refuse therefrom ; and the right to 
use such timber as is requisite in the aforesaid business, and 
the right to remove and transport the lead, zinc and other min- 
erals from other lands, over or under the land above described 
during the continuance of this agreement, and the right to re- 
move and transport all tools, machines and appurtenances 
thereto belonging to said business. 

For and in consideration of which, The said party of the 

second part hereby agree and bind heirs, executors and 

assigns, to enter upon said land within from the date 

thereof, and make search and exploration thereon for said lead 



IIO NATURAL RESOURCES OF 

zinc and other minerals, unless satisfied, from examination of 
lands adjoining, or in the vicinity, that such exploration will be 
fruitless; and if the same be found to exist thereon i-n suffi- 
cient quantities and under such circumstances as to warrant 

the said party of the second part heirs or assigns in 

digging, mining and removing the same, then, and in that ca>c. 
the said party of the second part agree and bind ... heirs, 
legal representatives and assigns to pay the said party of the 

first part heirs, legal representatives or assigns, the sum 

of mined and remove from said lands, as lead. 

zinc and other minerals, according to the bills of the diggers; 
but not to include slack, fine coal or float ores, which said 
party of the second part is to have the privilege of removing 
and selling free of charge. 

It is also further agreed by the parties hereto, for them- 
selves, their legal representative and assigns that. . . . per cent, 
of all royalty due shall be paid the first of each month and 
the remainder at the expiration of each and every quarter, 
counting from the .... day of 189 .. . 

It is also agreed that the correctness of the scales and 
weighing of said lead, zinc and other minerals, and the books 
showing the weight of lead, zinc and other minerals mined, 
shall be open at all times during business hours, to the party 
of the first part, his agent, legal representative or assigns. 

In Testimony Whereof, The parties hereto have set their 
hands and affixed their seals the day and year first above 
written. 
Signed, sealed, acknowledged and 

delivered in presence of 

[seal.] 

[seal.] 



A person with a small amount of capital ($1500), who is 
willing to work, can, in a chemical manufacturing enterprise, 
realize a fortune. Address THE AUTHOR. 



THE BOONE BANNER, 

A. C. HULL, Editor. HULL & BLANKENSHIP, Proprietors. 

Affords Reliable Information of the Resources of Northern 
Arkansas and Progress of Development. 

Fine Job Work a. Specialty 

SUBSCRIBE NOW. HARRISON. ARK. 



HD^ERTISEMENTS 

NKTURKL- RESOURCES 

OF 
BOONE KND MHRION COUNTIES, TSRK. 



B. J. CARNEY, 

Resident Agent of the James Leffell Co., Egan Co., Melchor Mining 
Machinery Co., Brown Cotton Press Co. 

Engines, Boilers, Tools, Pumps and Brass Fillings, Wire Rope 
and Belting, Mining and Milling Machinery. 

Before placing orders see me for estimates. YELLVILLE, ARK. 



-r- — OFFICE OF — — *- 

MACBETH YOUNG 

ZINC^LEAD MINES 

DEVELOPER. 

BUYS AND SELLS DEVELOPED MINES OF LEAD 
OR ZINC. OR BOTH. 

BUYS ^ SELLS UNDEVELOPED MINERAL LANDS 

IN MARION, BOONE, NEWTON. SEARCY 

AND BAXTER COUNTIES. 

McBEE LANDING, P. O, 

MARION COUNTY, ARKANSAS. 

J.H.BKKKV. j.h.BERRY&SON. JCBERRY - 

DEALERS IN GENERAL MERCHANDISE, MINERS' 
TOOLS AND SUPPLIES 

<~>T^ ALL DESCRIPTIONS. 

YELLVILLE, ARK. 

BARNES' SAW MILL, 

JOEL BARNES, Proprietor. YELLVILLE, ARKANSAS. 

SOFT AND HARD WOOD LUMBER. 

Boat and Mining Timbers Sawed to Order. 
Lead and Zinc Lands For Sale or Trade. 

H. S. DODD & SON, 

DEALERS IN CHOICE LEAD. ZINC. MARBLE AND 

ONYX LANDS, 

PINE AND OAK LANDS. 

DODD CITY, MARION COUNTY ARKANSAS. 

H. A. YOUNG, Merchant. 

CHOICE ZINC PROPERTIES, 

More or Less Developed, For Sale, or will Trade for Stocks of 
Merchandise. Correspondence solicited. 

YELLVILLE, ARK. 

1 



S. W. WOODS, 

Attorneys Counsellor at Law, 

WILL PRACTICE IN THE COURTS OF THE 

FOURTEENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, 

STATE AND FEDERAL 

COURTS. 

U. S. MINING LAW AND LAND TITLES 

A SPECIALTY. 

Homestead and Mineral Land Contests conducted before the 
Land Office. 

Applications for Land Patents, etc., attended to promptly. 

YELLVILLE, 
MARION COUNTY, ARKANSAS. 

I. N. LINTON, 

Mineral * Real Estate Agent. 

OFFICE AT POWELL, ARKANSAS. 



I live in the heart of one of the best Zinc and Lead sections 
in the State, and 

WILL HANDLE GOOD MINERAL CLAIMS 
AND MINERAL LANDS IN GENERAL. 

All parties wishing either to Sell or Buy Mineral Lands will 

find it to their interest to place their property in my 

hands or write me for information. 

2 




BUILT BY 



EL & CO. 



Over SO Years Business 

affords every convenience for making Wheels of highest 
excellence and 

Specially Adapted to Al! Situations. 

Among the Wheels in operation may be found the 

Largest and Smallest Wheels 

in great variety of form, style and finish under the 

Highest and Lowest Heads 

in this country. Write, stating head, size of stream, kind of 
mill. We will send our line pamphlet, and advise vou. 

JAMES LEFFEL & CO. 



SPRINGFIELD, 
OHIO. 



or 110 LIBERTY ST. 
NEW YORK CITY. 



The Hartsfeld Furnace! Refining Co, Ne ^ ort - 

«xi Dealers in Tin, ^/^ Engineers and Contractors csm Purchasers of ■*» 

Ef kabbitM P e faT,' H For the Erection of Smelting and Q |§ ^'fe,^ 

^5 Antimony, ami ^ Foundry Plants. zg Nickel and u 

c<9t Aluminum f^M Manufacturers and Patentees of the E?£ Copper ^^ 

^ Aiioys. ^ Eureka Portable Smelter** Furnace £s Matter - «fes 

For the Smelting of Ores, Smelting of Metals, Steel and Alloys, The Reduction of Zinc by 

distillation desensum. Nickel Aluminum Composite, 3% of which insures 

fluidity, smooth flow, and sound wealdahle castings. 

J. M. COKER, M. D., 
President of the Buffalo Mining District 

Information of the District cheerfully furnished. 
Enclose stamp. 

YELLVILLE, ARK. 

The Wilson Livery and Feed Stables 

GOOD RIGS, RELIABLE TEAMS. 

EXPERIENCED AND CAREFUL DRIVERS. 

FOR HIRE BY THE DAY, WEEK 
OR MONTH. 



Chas. N. Wilson, Proprietor. 



YELLVILLE, ARK. 



Laying and Painting 

Gum=Elastic Roofing 

Tifififfiiir k x : > ■ iw 




The Gum-Elastic Hoofing 

IS ABSOLUTELY NON-COMBUSTIBLE AND GUAR- 
ANTEED TO LAST TEN YEARS 

Costs only $2.00 
Per One Hundred Square Feet. 

Strongly endorsed by the New York Board of Under- 
writers. Send stamp tor circulars, samples and particulars. 

GUM-ELASTIC PAINT costs only 60 cents per gallon 
in barrel lots, or $4.50 for 5 gallon tubs. Color, dark red. 
Will stop leaks in tin or iron roofs that will last for years. 

TRY IT. 

Gum-Elastic Roofing Company, 

41 W. Broadway, New York. 



E. V. M. POWELL, 

FINANCIAL AGENT. 




Investments in 

Boone and Marion County Lands 

Solicited. 




Harrison, Boone County, or Yellville, Ark. 

V REFER, BY PERMISSION, TO BANK OF YELLVILLE. 

5 



,™,!?? ARY 0F CONGRESS 




Sir: I desire to call your attention to tr »li~~E "" """" ,IINI 

you in my laboratory for the practical pursuant ~. t.t* «22 6 & 
mental objects, and to those branches of my profession in 
which I am now engaged, soliciting your patronage, tender- 
ing you the assurance of promptness, accuracy and fidelity to 
your interests. 

ASSAYING AND ANALYSIS 

OF ORES, MINERALS, SOILS, CHEMICALS, WASTE 
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS. 

Samples of Commercial Substances prepared from Crude Natural Products. 
Allovs for any purpose made to order. 

ORES TREATED IN 10 TO 90 LB. LOTS. 

Smelted, or treated by Electrolytic, Amalgamation, Dixiviation or Chlorination Processes. 

Melting and Refining of Old Gold and Silver. 

Reduction of Gold and Silver. 

Dross, Waste, Residues and Tailings. 

WILL PAY FOR 

Old Gold, 4 cents per Carat, Fine. Old Silver, 70 cents per Ounce, T oy. 

Carbonates and Sulphides ot Copper, Galena 

and other Ores of Lead. 

Also for Ores of Copper, Lead, Manganese or Iron 

containing 40 Ounces Silver per Ton. 

Electro-Plate Articles with Gold, Silver, Nickel or Copper of any desired 
thickness. Manufacture to order small quantities of Chemical Reagents, Rare 
Chemicals and materials fo- Electro-Plating, Photographic or other Technical Pur- 
poses. Make Plaster Casts of Dead or Living Subjects, Etc., Etc. 

Prospect Lands, Examine and Report upon Mines and Lands in any part of 
the United States. Construct Stratigraphical Charts, Drawings and Topographical 
Maps of Properties. 

Ore Dumps, Tailings, and Residues 

Sampled, Assayed and Valued in the Interests of Purchasers 

and in Case of Contest. 

ASSAY RATES. 

Terms: Cash with order. Accordance with U. S. Government Mint Assays 

guaranteed. 

Gold and Silver "Bullion Assay," $5.00; Gold and Silver "Concentrates," $5.00 ; Gold 
and Silver jOres, $2.50; Silver, $2.00; Mercury, $2.50; Platinum, $5.00; Tin, $2.00; Lead, 
$1.75; Bismuth, $1.75: Antimony, $2.00; Copper, $2.00; Nickel, $3.50; Cobalt, $3.50; Man- 
ganese, $2.50; Chromium, $5.00;" Iron, $2.00; Zinc, $2.50. Special rates to operative mining 
companies. 20 per cent discount allowed on two or more samples received for assay at 
same time. Always supply a pound or so of material if possible. 

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS. 

Qualitative Analysis, determines the constituents of the substance only, $5.00 to $10.00; 
Quantitative Analysis, determines the constituents of the substance and quantity of each, 
$10.00 to $50.00; Mineral Waters, $5.00 to $20.00; Wine, $2.00 to $5.00. 

Determination of Mineral Species by Blowpipe, $2.00. 
Sampling Ores, one or two bags, $3.00. 
ADDRESS: 

W. ALBERT CHAPMAN, M. E., 

ASSAYER AND REPORTER OF MINES, 
YELLVILLE, ARKANSAS. 

6 



.. L, . BRARY0F CON GRESS 

I!! mil mil mi 



i 

014 648 022 6 



